Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Europe and the New World: New Encounters, 1500 – 1800

2. On the Brink of a New World • Motives • Fantastic lands • The Travels of John Mandeville (14th century) • Told tales of mythical lands filled with treasure • Economic motives • Access to the East • Search for precious metals and new trade routes • The Polos • Marco Polo’s Travels inspired travelers to seek the riches of Asia • Religious Zeal • Missionaries spreading the word of God

3. Means • Centralization of political authority • Monarchies had the resources & authority to finance these expenditures • Maps • Ptolemy’s Geography (printed editions 1477) • Written in 2nd Century A.D. • Depicted a round earth, 3 continents, two oceans • Circumference of Earth was dramatically undersized • Columbus and other explorers thought they could easily circumnavigate the globe • Ships and Sailing • Previous sailors used the Pole Star for navigation • But it was useless south of the equator • Naval technology • Axial rudder, lateen sails, compass, astrolabe • Knowledge of wind patterns

4. Ptolemy’s World Map

5. Possible Test Question • The primary motive for European exploration during the Renaissance was • social, to relieve the population pressure on Europe. • religious, to spread the Gospel • psychological, the quest for new experiences to transform a dull existence. • military, to provide new bases for an army. • economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade.

6. The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire • Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 – 1460) • Founded a school for navigators • During his reign, Portuguese sailors explored the west coast of Africa • The Portuguese in India • Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450 – 1500) • Rounded Cape of Good Hope • Vasco da Gama (c. 1460 – 1524) • Reaches India by rounding Cape of Good Hope • Returned with spices such as ginger and cinnamon • Alfonso d’Albuquerque (1462 – 1515) • Commercial – Military bases (Goa)

7. In Search of Spices • Portuguese expansion • Set up trading posts in India & China, established spice trade • Used military and naval advantage to seize control of spice trade from Muslim traders • Reasons for Portuguese success • Guns & Seamanship

8. Map 14.1: Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries

9. Voyages to the New World • Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) • Knowledgeable Europeans knew the Earth was round but it was smaller than it actually is • Tried to reach Asia by sailing west • Reached the Bahamas (Oct. 12, 1492) • Additional voyages (1493, 1498, and 1502) • Carried with him a copy of Marco Polo’s Travels • Additional Discoveries • John Cabot – explored New England coastline (Henry VII) • Pedro Cabral – (Portuguese) discovered South American coastline • Amerigo Vespucci – accompanied several voyages • wrote letters describing new world • Name “America” come from his name

10. Treaty of Tordesillas • 1494 – divided up the newly discovered world between the Spanish and the Portuguese • Dividing line gave all of the New World to Spain except Brazil. • The Portuguese got Brazil and everything east

11. Possible Test Question • When he began to envision his voyage across the Atlantic, Columbus had a copy of • The Travels of John Mandeville. • Niccolo Machiavelli’s The Prince. • Ptolemy’s Portolani. • Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. • Marco Polo’s Travels.

12. Possible Test Question • During the lifetime of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese sailors • began to explore the west African coast. • were the first to round the Cape of Good Hope. • discovered the Spice Islands. • discovered the island of Madagascar. • landed in India in 1498.

13. Possible Test Question • The Treaty of Tordesillas divided • The Spice Islands between Portugal and the Dutch Republic. • South Africa between the English and the Dutch. • The New World between Spain and Portugal. • The North Atlantic between England and France. • The South Pacific between Spain and the Dutch Republic.

14. The Spanish Empire in the New World • Early Civilizations in Mesoamerica • The Maya (300 A.D.-800 A.D.) • The Aztecs (1200 A.D.-1500s A.D.) • The Spanish Conquest of the Aztec Empire • Hernan Cortés (1485 – 1547) • Marched to Tenochtitlan making alliances • Moctezuma (Montezuma) • Initially thought Cortes was a God • Aztec Empire overthrown • Small pox and allies

15. Slaughter of the Natives

16. The Spanish Empire, Continued • The Inca and the Spanish • Pachakuti – Incan ruler conquered region • Inca buildings and roads – 24,800 roads and suspension bridges • Francisco Pizarro (c. 1475 – 1541) • Landed during a civil war between two brothers • Smallpox had recently ravaged their civilization • Incas overthrown (1535) by Pizarro

17. Administration of the Spanish Empire • Encomienda – system of tribute and labor for Spaniards • Made the Indians basically slaves to the Spanish • Dominican friars began to voice their concern over the harsh treatment of the Indians • Bartolome de Las Casas was the most vocal opponent of the encomienda system • Viceroys – King’s chief military & civil officer • The Church – mass conversions

18. Possible Test Question • The major critic of the Spanish treatment of the American natives was • Bartolome de Las Casas. • Hernan Cortez. • Alfonso de Albuquerque. • Ignatius Loyala. • Pope Paul III.

19. Possible Test Question • The Mesoamerica civilization which existed at the time of European exploration was the • Maya. • Inca. • Toltec. • Aztec. • Zapotec.

20. Africa: The Slave Trade • New Rivals • European powers began establishing forts in Africa to dominate the trade in gold • The Dutch Republic began to take over the spice trade from Portugal • Origins of the Slave Trade • Sugar cane and slavery • Indian population was decimated by disease • African climate and soil weren’t suited to grow sugar cane • Growth of the Slave Trade • Up to 10,000,000 African slaves taken to the Americas between the Sixteenth and Nineteenth Centuries • The Middle Passage (trip across the Atlantic): high death rate during transit • 300 to 450 slaves per ship (loose pack or tight pack) • Trip took a little over 3 months • Approx. 10% of slaves died on voyage • Prisoners of war (Slave trade increased wars between African tribes) • Triangle Trade – Europe to Africa to Americas, then back to Europe • Europeans traded goods for slaves, sold the slaves, kept some profit, bought more goods and started the cycle over again

21. Effects of the Slave Trade • Depopulation of African kingdoms • Political effects of slave trade • Increased warfare between African tribes • Criticism of slavery • Critics saw the decline in African civilization • Abolition and the Quakers • First religious group to ban slave traders from their church

22. The Sale of Slaves

23. A Sugar Mill in the West Indies

24. Map 14.2: Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic Economy

25. The triangular trade connected • Europe, South Asia, and the Pacific. • Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Africa. • The Spice Islands, India, and South Africa. • The Americas, Europe, and South Asia. • The Americas, Europe, and Africa.

26. Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries, the number of African slaves shipped to the New World is estimated at • One million. • Two million. • Five million. • Ten million. • Twenty-five million.

27. The African slave trade • Had little impact upon the number of wars in Africa. • Reduced the number of wars in Africa because all the African states united against the European slavers. • Increased the number of wars in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves. • Died out with the discovery of the South Asian Spice Islands. • Was carried out peacefully was wars or violence would reduce the number of slaves and thus profits.

28. The West in Southeast Asia • Portugal • Spain • The Dutch and the English • Local Kingdoms (Burma, Siam, and Vietnam)

29. The asiento • Were advisors to the Spanish viceroys in Mexico and Peru. • Was a new mapping technique which replaced the portolani. • Gave Britain the right to transport slaves to Spanish Latin America. • Was resolved by the Treaty of Tordesillas. • Were Portuguese merchants in the Spice Islands.

30. The French and the British in India • The Mughal Empire • The Impact of the Western Powers • Portugal • England • The Dutch and the French • Sir Robert Clive • The East India Company • Battle of Plassey (1757)

31. China & Japan • China • Ming Dynasty (1369 – 1644) • Qing Dynasty • Western inroads • Russia • England • Limited contact • Japan • Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543 – 1616) • Opening to the West • The Portuguese • Initially visitors welcomed • Catholic missionaries • The Dutch

32. The Americas • Spain and Portugal • The West Indies • The British and the French • The “Sugar Factories” • North America • The Dutch • New Netherlands • The English • Jamestown (1607) • Thirteen Colonies • The French • Canada

33. Toward a World Economy • Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century • Inflation • Decline in standard of living for wage earners & those living on a fixed income • The Growth of Commercial Capitalism • Joint stock trading companies • Private investment in public companies • New economic institutions • The Bank of Amsterdam (financial center of Europe) • Agriculture

34. One of the major economic problems of the sixteenth century in Europe was • Deflation. • Inflation. • Stagflation. • Depression. • A population decline which led to massive unemployment.

35. The inflation of the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries • Severely hampered commercial expansion. • Caused a shift in industry to urban locales. • Caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on fixed incomes. • Was caused largely by a declining labor force. • Was the result of too little money in circulation.

36. Which of the following statements best applies to the economy of sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Europe? • The joint stock company enabled the raising of spectacular sums of capital for world trading ventures. • The early seventeenth century saw a general stagnation in the areas of mining and metallurgy. • Technological innovations made the lives of peasants improve dramatically. • The population explosion made for urban growth and more social equality in cities. • An economic depression occurred because of a lack of specie.

37. The financial center of Europe in the seventeenth century was • Paris. • London. • Rome. • Vienna. • Amsterdam.

38. Mercantilism • Mercantilism is a set of economic principles that came to dominate economic practices in the 17th century • Belief that the total volume of trade unchangeable • Economic activity = war through peaceful means • One nation could expand its trade at the expense of another nation • Importance of bullion (gold & silver) and favorable balance of trade • Export valuable goods to New World • Import Bullion to European states • State Intervention in the economy was desirable for the sake of the national good.

39. Mercantilism includes all of the following ideas except: • Economic activity was war carried on by peaceful means. • The prosperity of a nation depended upon its gold and silver reserves. • Colonies were not desirable because they consumed too many natural resources. • Colonies were desirable because they provided raw materials and natural resources. • Government should stimulate trade through high tariffs and subsidizing industry.

40. Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward Globalization • Transoceanic trade very valuable • Intra-European Trade • Trade patterns interlocked Europe, Africa, the East, and the Americas

41. By the end of the seventeenth century, • International trade was much greater than intra-European trade. • Wealth was being transferred back to the New World from Europe in the form of raw materials. • Local, regional, and intra-European trade was considerably greater than international trade. • Slavery was in decline in both Africa and the New World. • European imperialism had come to an end.

42. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquered • Devastating effects to local populations in America and Africa • Less impact in Asia • Multiracial society in Latin America • Ecology • Catholic Missionaries • Conversion of native populations • Hospitals, orphanages and schools • The Jesuits in Asia • Conversions in China • Japan

43. The Impact of European Expansion: The Conquerors • Opportunities for women • Economic Effects • Gold and silver • Exchange of plants and animals • Impact on European Lifestyle • Chocolate, coffee and tea • European Rivalries • New Views of the World • Gerardus Mercator (1512 – 1594) and his map • Psychological Impact

44. A Seventeenth-Century World Map (1630)

45. The most famous map projection in history is • The potolani. • Ptolemy’s Geography. • That of Gerardus Mercator. • Galileo’s The Starry Messenger. • Dead-reckoning.

46. Map 14.3: The Columbian Exchange

47. What was not part of the Columbian exchange? • Potatoes from Europe and olive trees from the New World. • Horses and cattle from Europe and corn from the New World. • Gunpowder from Europe and tobacco from the New World. • Smallpox from Europe and gold and silver from the New World. • Wheat from Europe and tomatoes from World the New

48. Discussion Questions • Why were the Portuguese so well positioned for overseas exploration? • How were the Spanish able to defeat the Aztecs and the Incas? • What social and economic forces drove the Slave Trade? • How were the British able to achieve such a dominant position in Asia? • What impact did European colonization have on the colonized? • What economic changes occurred in Europe as a result of Mercantilism and Capitalism? • How did European expansion affect Europe?

49. Web Links • The Slave Trade • European Voyages of Exploration • The Mariner’s Museum – The Age of Exploration • Digital South Asia Library • Around the Indus in 90 Slides • Internet East Asian History Sourcebook • The East India Company • Virtual Jamestown