Reconstruction: Lincoln's Plan vs. Congress' Plan

1. APUSH Reconstruction

2. 1. What was reconstruction?

3. Reconstruction • The time period from 1865-1877 that addressed 3 major issues… • How the rebellious states would be readmitted to the Union? • What the civil status of the Confederacy’s leaders would be? Jail? Could they vote? Could they hold office again? • What the legal and Constitutional status of the Freedmen (freed slaves) would be?

4. 2. What was Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction?

5. Lincoln’s Plan • Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction • Full presidential pardons to MOST southerners who… • Took oath of allegiance to Union and US Constitution • Accepted emancipation of slaves (13th Amendment) • Ten Percent Plan • President would recognize state governments once 10% of the white voters in that state took the loyalty oath • State constitution had to be rewritten to accept abolition of slavery CONSIDERED LENIENT BY REPUBLICAN CONGRESS

6. 3. What was congress’ plan for reconstruction?

7. Congress’ Plan • Wade-Davis Bill • 50% of voters had to take loyalty oath • Anyone who had served in the Confederacy officially (soldier/politician) could NOT vote for new constitution that abolished slavery CONSIDERED TOO HARSH BY LINCOLN – HE POCKET VETOED IT

8. 4. Did any reconstruction policies pass before Lincoln’s assassination?

9. Yes… • Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865) under General Oliver Howard • Welfare agency for those made destitute in war • Food to 150,000 daily (1/3 were white) • Helped negotiate free labor contracts between white landowners and freed slaves • Tried to get minimum wage for ex-slaves • Start of sharecropping • Greatest success: EDUCATION • 3,000 schools for freedmen • 200,000 freedmen learned how to read

12. 5. What ended the political struggle between Lincoln and congress over reconstruction?

13. Lincoln’s Assassination

14. 6. Who became president after Lincoln’s assassination?

15. Andrew Johnson

16. Andrew Johnson • Democrat from Tennessee • Good for the North because… • Only senator from Confederacy who remained loyal to Union • Came from poor background; hated rich plantation owners • Bad for the North because… • He hated black people MORE than rich plantation owners

17. 7. What was Johnson’s plan for reconstruction?

18. President Johnson’s Plan • Called Presidential Reconstruction • Implement Lincoln’s Plan AND… • Disenfranchise two groups • Former Confederate leaders & officeholders • Rich whites in South with more than $20,000 in property • Claimed right to grant individual pardons to anyone he pleased

19. 8. Why did the republican congress soon hate Johnson’s plan?

20. Congressional Objection… • President Johnson pardoned nearly all Southerners, and many returned to power

21. 9. What policies did the southern states implement under Johnson’s plan?

22. Policies Implemented by the South • Pro-North • Repudiated secession • Ratified 13th Amendment • Pro-South • Elected former Confederate leaders to office • Denied voting rights to blacks • Adopted “Black Codes”

23. 10. What were the black codes?

24. Black Codes • Prohibited blacks from renting or buying land • Forced blacks to sign work contracts that prohibited their free movement • Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court

25. 11. How did republicans stop Johnson's plan?

26. Republicans won control of Congress • Republicans won control of Congress in 1866 with more than a 2/3 majority • Senate: 57 (R); 9 (D) • House: 177 (R); 47 (D) • What did this mean??? • Republicans could override ANY Presidential veto of their plans • THIS MEANT CONGRESS WOULD DETERMINE RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES • STARTS “RADICAL” OR “CONGRESSIONAL” RECONSTRUCTION

27. Check Point:Get your Clickers Ready

28. At the end of the Civil War, many white Southerners reluctantly supported the federal government were ready to plan a future uprising against the United States declared themselves citizens of their states but not of the United States asked for pardons so that they could once again hold political office and vote still believed that their view of secession was correct and their cause was just

29. In the postwar South the economy and social structure was utterly devastated the emancipation of slaves had surprisingly little economic consequence the much-feared inflation never materialized industry and transportation were damaged, but Southern agriculture continued to flourish poorer whites benefited from the end of plantation slavery

30. President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction differed radically from Lincoln’s guaranteed former slaves the right to vote required that all former Confederate states ratify the Fourteenth Amendment established literacy tests for voting in the South aimed at swift restoration of the southern states after a few basic conditions were met

31. The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress the close ties that were developing between President Lincoln and the Democrats President Lincoln’s desire for a harsh reconstruction plan that a Congressional majority believed that the South had never legally left the Union the Republicans’ fear of re-admitting Confederate leaders to Congress

32. In 1865, Southern whites quickly admitted they have been wrong in trying to secede and win Southern independence whites rapidly turned their slaves into paid employees blacks uniformly turned in anger and revenge against their former masters blacks often began traveling to test their freedom, search for family members, and seek economic opportunity blacks looked to the federal government for help

33. In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union former slaves the right to vote the restoration of the planter aristocracy to political power severe punishment of Southern political and military leaders a plan to allow 10 percent of blacks to vote

34. 12. What was “Radical” reconstruction?

35. Radical Reconstruction • The phase of Reconstruction that was controlled by Congress, which was dominated at the time by the “radical” Republicans • 1866-1876 • Republicans dominated southern governments

36. 13. Who were the leading “radical” republicans?

37. Radical Republican Leaders… • Senate: Charles Sumner, Massachusetts • House: Thaddeus Stevens, Pennsylvania

38. 14. What was the overall goal of the “radical” republicans?

39. Radical Republican Goals… • They wanted to revolutionize (change) southern society by… • Extending civil rights to freed slaves • Educating blacks • Redistributing land confiscated from Confederate plantation owners to freed blacks

40. 15. What pieces of legislation comprised the “radical” republican program?

41. Radical Republican Programs… • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • 14th Amendment • Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • Tenure of Office Act • 15th Amendment • Civil Rights Act of 1875

42. A. Civil Rights Act of 1866 • All African-Americans were legal citizens • Said Black Codes were illegal IGNORED IN THE SOUTH; SO RADICALS LOOKED TO AMEND THE CONSTITUTION

43. B. 14th Amendment • All persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens • Obligated states to respect the rights of citizens by providing “equal protection of the laws” and “due process” • Required enfranchisement of black males or state could lose proportional # of reps and electoral votes

44. C. Reconstruction Acts of 1867 • 10 southern states divided into 5 military districts • US Army registered voters for election of delegates to constitutional convention • Enfranchised all males 21 or older • New state constitutions had to… • Grant equal civil and political rights regardless of race • Ratified Fourteenth Amendment

46. D. Tenure of Office Act • Prohibited the President from removing federal official without Congressional approval • Passed to protect “radical” Republicans in Johnson’s Cabinet (like Secretary of War Stanton) • President Johnson removes Stanton • President Johnson impeached by Congress • Tried in Senate • “radicals” fell 1 vote short of removing him

50. E. 15th Amendment • Prohibited any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote based upon “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”