Study powerpoint

1. Study powerpoint This powerpoint hits the key concepts in the major topics. It does not replace looking at powerpoints from previous tests.

2. Steps Of The Scientific Method • Problem - A question that compares variables. The independent variable is one you manipulate and the dependent variable is the one that changes or responds. • Hypothesis - What you think the results of the experiment will show • Materials - List of items used to conduct an experiment • Procedure - Numbered steps of the experiment that will be followed to answer the problem • Data/Results – Observations, Graphs, Drawings, Pictures, Charts, Tables • Conclusion - A statement that presents the findings of the experiment using specific data

3. Important Formulas and numbers • Speed = distance divided by time • Density = mass divided by volume • Milli = 1 thousandth, centi = 1 hundredth, deci = 1 tenth • Basic units – meter for length, liter for volume and gram for mass

4. Elements, Compounds and Molecules • Elements are made up of like atoms and are a pure substance • 2 or more different atoms bonded are a compound • 2 or more atoms combined are a molecule • ALL compounds are molecules but NOT all molecules are compounds

5. Succession Equilibrium in Ecosystems

6. Primary Succession • Primary Succession-series of changes that occur in an area where no ecosystem previously existed. • Example: An area might be a new island formed by the eruption of an undersea volcano • Example 2: An area of rock uncovered by a melting sheet of ice. • The first species to populate the area of primary succession are called Pioneer Species. • Lichens and mosses – carried by the wind or water

7. Primary succession - occurs on an area of newly exposedrock, sand, or lava or any area that has not been occupiedpreviously by a living (biotic) community Glaciers scrape the Earth as it moves. Some land may have been buried under ice for thousands of years. Rocks are carried along by the ice. As the glacier melts, the rocks are left behind. After about a year, lichens begin to grow on the rock surface. Lichens slowly break the rock down. Primary succession areas have no soil.

8. Secondary Succession • Secondary Succession-the series of changes that occur after a disturbance in an EXISTING ecosystem. • Unlike primary succession, secondary succession occurs in a place where an ecosystem has previously existed. • Secondary succession restores the ecosystem to a state in which equilibrium can be maintained. • occurs somewhat more rapidly than primary succession.

9. Secondary Succession Secondary Succession occurs when a disturbance occurs in an already existing ecosystem. A forest fire burns an ecosystem, then it goes through to secondary succession to restore the ecosystem.

10. Larger Environmental groups of Ecology • Large similar ecologic communities and climates are called biomes. • These biomes contain similar groups of fauna wherever they occur on the earth • Examples of biomes – Desert, forest, grassland, tundra, ocean, riverine etc. • Each biome has unique characteristics that make it distinguishable from the other biomes.

11. Cells to Organelles

12. Organisms Largest Organ Systems Organs State the order, if means "make up" Tissues Cells Organelles Smallest

13. Cellsthat are in plants are made of theseorganelles: Golgi Body Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell Wall Ribosome Vacuole (huge) Chloroplast Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

14. Cells that are in Animals are made of theseorganelles: Golgi Body Cytoplasm Lysosome Cell Wall Ribosome Vacuole (small) Cell Membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic Reticulum http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

15. Cell organelle basic functions Cell Wall – only in plants and protects cell Cell Membrane – allows movement of material in and out of a cell Cytoplasm – jelly like stuff in the cell that the organelles are in, constantly moving Mitochondria – produces energy in the cell Chloroplasts – only in Plants, converts energy from sun into sugar. This is called photosynthesis. Vacuole – stores material in the cell Lysosome – gets rid of waste in cell Nucleus – controls the cell, DNA and chromatin located here Ribosomes – makes the proteins Endoplasmic reticulum – carries the proteins and other material in the cell Golgi bodies – packages and sends material around the cell

16. The Cell Theory CELL THEORY 1. All life forms are made from one or more cells. 2. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells. 3. The cell is the smallest form of life.

17. Types of reproduction Asexual – splitting into two organisms. Produces offspring that are the same i.e. uniform Sexual – combination of two parents to produce offspring that is unique (different) from the parents.

18. Types of Adaptations

19. structural: • a body part or coloration that aids survival • 1.) wings, beak shapes, long legs, antlers, etc. • 2.) camouflage or protective coloration • * allows an organism to blend in or hide in its surroundings • 3.) mimicry or protective resemblance • * organism looks like or acts like something it’s not

20. Physiological • the ability to control life functions to aid survival • 1.) hibernation (slowing down metabolism, breathing, heart rate) • 2.) marine mammals holding breath for long time • 3.) certain plants in extreme conditions (salty, dry, underwater)

21. Behavioral: • actions that aid survival • learned behaviors 1.) behaviors taught to or learned by experience 2.) example: knowing where the water hole is or knowing what to eat • Instincts 1.) behaviors genetically inherited from parents; “just know how” 2.) example: knowing when to migrate, sensing danger, mating season

22. Organization of The Body • The eleven organ systems of the human body work together to maintain homeostasis • Homeostasis – process which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

23. Brief synopsis of each organ system function. • Integumentary – skin, function to protect • Muscular – muscles, function for movement • Skeletal – bones, for support and protection of • Respiratory – lungs, to get oxygen in the body • Circulatory – blood, transport components through the body • Excretory – kidneys, to remove waste • Digestive – stomach etc, to break down food • Nervous – brain,nerves – function is communication • Endocrine – glands, function to regulate the body

24. Different Types of Trophic Levels • Herbivore – eat only plants • Carnivore – eat only animals • Omnivore – eat both plants and animals • Decomposer – break down and absorb nutrients of dead plants and animals • Scavenger – eat rotting flesh (like road kill) • Producer – create their own food from the sun such as Plants

25. Food Chain • Shows how matter and energy move through ecosystem • Arrows indicate flow of energy, i.e. direction energy passes from one organism to another • Only a portion of original energy is passed on to other organisms in chain (10% each link) Example: Algae  Fish  Heron

26. Energy Pyramid Least energy transferred as you get higher Most energy for use at Bottom of pyramid

27. Food Web • Made up of many food chains • Shows all possible feeding relationships in a community • More realistic than a food chain, because most animals eat more than one thing.

28. 1. Producers 2. Primary Consumers 3. Secondary Consumers 4. Herbivores 5. Carnivores 6. Omnivores 3,5 3,5 3,5 2,4 2,5 2,4,5,6 2 2,4 1 1 http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/foodweb1.gif

29. Levels of Organization in Ecology • Organism – an individual • Population – a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time. • Community – a collection of interacting populations • Ecosystem – interactions of living and nonliving things in the community

30. Biotic Factors • All the living organisms

31. Abiotic Factors • Nonliving parts of environment Soil Temperature Sunlight Water/Moisture

32. WEATHERING • Rocks and other materials break apart via physical and or chemical means • Rates of weathering are determined by precipitation, climate and rock type. • Not all rocks weather at the same rate. • Commonly called abrasion, physical weathering, grinding etc.

33. MECHANICAL WEATHERING • Rocks and other materials break apart via physical means - similar to physical changes in chemistry • Chemical makeup stays the same • Burrowing by animals, root pry by plants, ice by freezing, by wind similar to sandblasting • Commonly called abrasion, physical weathering, grinding etc.

34. CHEMICAL WEATHERING • Chemical reactions on the surface breakdown or dissolve the minerals in the rock or other material - similar to chemical changes in chemistry • The chemical composition of the rock changes, usually the minerals • acid rain, oxidation (rusting), plant acids, lichen, carbonic acid (caverns)

35. Weathering and Erosion are processes that continue on a non stop basis.

36. Space • Items needed for space travel are: • Oxygen – to breathe • Energy – to power the spacecraft usually in the form of solar panels • Heat – to maintain survivable temperatures • Water – necessary for life • Space timeline: present 1990’s 1950’s 1960’s 1970’s 1980’s Unmanned Spacecraft Gemini program Space Shuttle Era Mercury program Apollo