Beyond the Harries: Low-Light Training Techniques & Principles

1. Low Light Training -Beyond the Harries IALEFI Annual Training Conference San Diego, CA September, 2002

2. Objectives Provide You, the Firearms Instructor, with information on Why, How, and What to conduct up-to-date Low-Light training Expose you to some New/Old Low-Light techniques and principles

3. Why Low-Light Training? Court Mandated... Popow v. City of Margate, 476 F. Supp. 1237 (1979) - Court found �complete failure to train� because there was no moving targets, night shooting, simulations�� Harris v. City of Canton, et al, 489 U.S. 378, 109, S.Ct. 1197 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989) - Officer need to be trained in �core duties� and failure to do so may result in �deliberate indifference�.

4. Why Low-Light Training? Russo v. City of Cincinnati, 953 F.2d 1038 (6th Cir.1992) - addressed adequacy of training Zuchel v. City of Denver, 997 F.2d 730 (10th Cir. 1993) - traditional firearms qualifications and other methods does not adequately prepare officers for deadly force encounters...

5. Why Low-Light Training? To Prevent �Questionable� Shootings ACLU defines it: �when deadly force is used against unarmed and not-assaultive suspect� ACLU alleges that 25% of all police shootings are �questionable� Amadou Diallo, NYC, 1999 Sundaga Bryant, Newport Beach, CA 1988

6. Why Low-Light Training? Increase the probabilities of officers prevailing in low-light conditions CA Officers Killed study 80% of officer deaths occur during darkness 40% specifically identify lighting conditions as a factor 10% identify use of flashlight as a contributing factor Failure to use flashlight was direct factor in 4 deaths Average time since last night training - 4.6 months 91% of engagements within 20 feet, 67% within 10 feet

7. How to Train? Conscious Incompetence Through lecture (motivation and understanding) and demonstration (mental picture), the student becomes aware of skill deficiency Conscious Competence Through directed drills (live fire), the student may function properly with conscious effort

8. How to Train? Unconscious Competence Through problem solving drills (live fire scenarios and preferably Force-on-Force), the student learns to properly employ the skills under duress without direction In other words, break up complex tasks into easily attainable tasks (drills) then put them all together under duress (scenarios)

9. What is Low-Light Training? Identify typical lighting situations Understand the correct How & Why we use low-light tools Understand basic tactical lighting principles Understand the use of the flashlight as an option for subject control

10. Lighting Conditions -Effects on Eyesight 80% of sensory information received through the eye Virtually 100% of necessary information in a gunfight comes from vision (Ability, Intent, Delivery System & Target Identification, Acquisition and Isolation) Visual Acuity drops to 20/400-600 in low light, which is LEGALLY BLIND!!! 1. The eyes require 40 minutes to fully adapt to darkness. This adaptation will be immediately lost upon exposure to a light source. Other factors that effect dark adaptation: age, nutrition, and smoking.1. The eyes require 40 minutes to fully adapt to darkness. This adaptation will be immediately lost upon exposure to a light source. Other factors that effect dark adaptation: age, nutrition, and smoking.

11. Lighting Conditions - Effects on Eyesight It takes at least 40 minutes to become completely dark adapted Negatively affected by age, diet, health, smoker It takes less than a second to loose all dark adaptation when exposed to light The point is�IT�S ALL RELATIVE.

12. Lighting Conditions -  Reading the Light Bright Light - intense light that impairs ability to see Medium Light - sufficient light to see detail, color, depth, and perform the task at hand Low Light - sight impaired, may only see shapes and movement, No Light - must supply own illumination 1. The important thing to remember is that these lighting conditions are relative to each other depending on your level of dark adaptation. For example, a dayshift officer that moves from a Bright Light outdoor scene to a Low Light basement will need to supply his own illumination to see anything until his eyes adapt. 1. The important thing to remember is that these lighting conditions are relative to each other depending on your level of dark adaptation. For example, a dayshift officer that moves from a Bright Light outdoor scene to a Low Light basement will need to supply his own illumination to see anything until his eyes adapt.

13. Lighting Conditions -Unequal Lighting Blinding Front Light - a �wall� of light that prevents you from seeing what is behind it 1. Everybody uses this to their advantage on traffic stops. May also be negatively affected by this on approaches to lit buildings, campfires, etc.1. Everybody uses this to their advantage on traffic stops. May also be negatively affected by this on approaches to lit buildings, campfires, etc.

14. Lighting Conditions -Unequal Lighting Backlighting - any light behind you that will disclose your silhouette and accentuate your movement 1. Officers are somewhat conscious of this lighting condition. Occurs whenever you are approaching a darker area than you are in. Must remember that it doesn�t take much light at all to create a backlighting effect; the light from underneath the door, moonlight, etc. Also, color of uniform may contribute to the effect: Black Tactical uniforms are not the best. Battleship Grey is best, followed by Olive Drab.1. Officers are somewhat conscious of this lighting condition. Occurs whenever you are approaching a darker area than you are in. Must remember that it doesn�t take much light at all to create a backlighting effect; the light from underneath the door, moonlight, etc. Also, color of uniform may contribute to the effect: Black Tactical uniforms are not the best. Battleship Grey is best, followed by Olive Drab.

16. Also and example of blinding front light.Also and example of blinding front light.

17. Lighting Conditions -Unequal Lighting Dark Holes - poorly lit areas that you cannot see into without illuminating them 1. The effect is less well known and allows for one to literally �hide in plain sight�. 2. The proper action whenever you experience the negative effects of these unequal lighting conditions is to apply as much light as you have available to equalize the lighting conditions. At this point, there is no disadvantage to using your light as you are already visible to your adversaries, who may be concealed by the unequal lighting conditions. This literally becomes a photon war, and the one who emits the most photons wins. Also, try to see yourself from a �God�s Eyeview� or third person perspective as you move through an environment. 1. The effect is less well known and allows for one to literally �hide in plain sight�. 2. The proper action whenever you experience the negative effects of these unequal lighting conditions is to apply as much light as you have available to equalize the lighting conditions. At this point, there is no disadvantage to using your light as you are already visible to your adversaries, who may be concealed by the unequal lighting conditions. This literally becomes a photon war, and the one who emits the most photons wins. Also, try to see yourself from a �God�s Eyeview� or third person perspective as you move through an environment.

20. Uses of White Light Searching Areas Navigating Communication w/ Team Members Threat location Direction 1. Searching - Looking for something that is hidden from view. 2. Navigating - Moving safely through an area. According to mythology, the DNR Wardens developed a technique for conducting foot chases. Use your light to illuminate the chasee�s path. When you see an upcoming obstacle, shut your light off. Chasee will then engage the obstacle, allowing you to close and apprehend. 3. Communication - to other officers, to subjects (illuminating yourself in uniform) 1. Searching - Looking for something that is hidden from view. 2. Navigating - Moving safely through an area. According to mythology, the DNR Wardens developed a technique for conducting foot chases. Use your light to illuminate the chasee�s path. When you see an upcoming obstacle, shut your light off. Chasee will then engage the obstacle, allowing you to close and apprehend. 3. Communication - to other officers, to subjects (illuminating yourself in uniform)

21. Uses of White Light Subject Control Target Acquisition, Identification, Isolation Control Movement illuminate an area to drive opponent out, or prevent from entering Prevent Threat from acquiring you Confuse, Disorient, Distract - �fireflies� Blind Stun

22. Uses of White Light Use periphery of beam to be nice Direct beam into eyes to blind may cause startle reflex, e.g. head turn, hands move in front of face, loss of balance often causes increased hostility effect doesn�t last forever, have a plan and act on it quickly must have lower light levels for better effect

23. Improper Illumination Telegraphing Location duration, angle, rhythm (slicing the pie) Rule of Three Self Blinding Backlighting Partner Negligent Discharge or �Premature Illumination�

24. Tactical Lighting Principles �Read� the Light. Light Levels Unequal Lighting Conditions Generally, move to the Lowest Level of Light (stay in the shadows). �See� yourself from the Opposite Perspective (how does your threat view you?).

25. Tactical Lighting Principles �Light and Move� - When searching, use light intermittently, with varying angles, rhythm, duration. Displace laterally and/or vertically after light is off. �Power� with the Light - when the threat is located. Align 3 Things - Eye/Weapon/Light when operating where threats are expected.

26. Tactical Lighting Principles Carry more than one light. REMEMBER - Dark engagements are going to occur at a slower pace and closer distances.

27. Tactical Lighting Techniques �Lights Off� = Immediate Lateral Movement Quick Peek v. Slicing the Pie Noise Discipline 1. When working as a team, command �Lights Off� may be used to communicate to team members intention to move. When operating alone, always remember to move laterally immediately after light is off. 2. Quick Peek may work, same rules apply as in daylight. Do not appear in the same place twice or with a particular pattern or rhythm. 3. Surefire Institute did not emphasize this. They believed that you will make noise and the will hear you no matter what. It is more important that you communicate clearly with partners. NTI role players find that noise discipline does make a difference. 1. When working as a team, command �Lights Off� may be used to communicate to team members intention to move. When operating alone, always remember to move laterally immediately after light is off. 2. Quick Peek may work, same rules apply as in daylight. Do not appear in the same place twice or with a particular pattern or rhythm. 3. Surefire Institute did not emphasize this. They believed that you will make noise and the will hear you no matter what. It is more important that you communicate clearly with partners. NTI role players find that noise discipline does make a difference.

28. Tactical Lighting Techniques Doors Two officer, one opens, one �deep� �Dynamic� Room entry a/k/a �Slide In� 1. No need to �stack� at doors. Have one partner open door, while other partner illuminates and confronts from a distance.1. No need to �stack� at doors. Have one partner open door, while other partner illuminates and confronts from a distance.

29. Photos taken directly from Andy Stanford�s book, Fight at Night.Photos taken directly from Andy Stanford�s book, Fight at Night.

34. Tactical Lighting Techniques Indirect Illumination This is basically using reflected light to illuminate an area. May help save dark adaptation since you don�t have to look directly into the beam. Also used to create shadows.This is basically using reflected light to illuminate an area. May help save dark adaptation since you don�t have to look directly into the beam. Also used to create shadows.

36. Tactical Lighting Techniques Low Light advantage: use of powerful handheld lights provides options and is akin to controlling the environment Apply all the light possible to offset unequal lighting conditions

37. Flashlight Techniques Harries Rogers/Surefire, modified Chapman CCI/SFI, a/k/a �Neck Index� or Modified FBI flexible, bilateral weapon not always pointed with light doesn�t violate Rule #2 Personally named techniques ad nauseum 1. During thousands and thousands of simulated gunfights using Simunitions FX marking cartridges, instructors at the Surefire Institute have noticed that people tend to shoot at the light. This is a similar phenomenon to officers tending to shoot at the gun in an adversaries hands. People will shoot at what they are focused on. Allows better use of cover on weak side. More training should be devoted to one hand shooting anyway. Frequently off hand is busy holding on to something, opening doors, etc. and at less than 10 feet, most people will shoot one handed anyway.1. During thousands and thousands of simulated gunfights using Simunitions FX marking cartridges, instructors at the Surefire Institute have noticed that people tend to shoot at the light. This is a similar phenomenon to officers tending to shoot at the gun in an adversaries hands. People will shoot at what they are focused on. Allows better use of cover on weak side. More training should be devoted to one hand shooting anyway. Frequently off hand is busy holding on to something, opening doors, etc. and at less than 10 feet, most people will shoot one handed anyway.

38. Reloading / Malfunctions Return Weapon to Strong Hand Keep Weapon Pointed in Safe Direction with small lights, may reload with flashlight in hand, otherwise: return flashlight to holster place in crook of knee place under foot Less Desirable: grounding or armpit

39. Gunfight Dimensions Competition for Time and Space Boyd�s Loop - the Human �Operating System� Time Management - as important as Distance Movement Mind Set - Predator v. Prey

40. Boyd�s Loop Original concept applied to fighter pilots Describes the Human Brain�s �operating system� Behavior is the result of Observation, Orientation, Decision, Action cycle Explains why action beats reaction Use tactics to interrupt opponent�s loop

41. Boyd�s Loop Observation enter the cycle whoever observes first has the advantage if you are not looking properly, you have difficulty moving on in the cycle

42. Boyd�s Loop Orientation draw on previous training and experience to evaluate the situation must �see� what is really there

43. Boyd�s Loop Decision effective orientation leads to conscious or subconscious decision inability to orient can lead to the interruption of the loop, e.g inaction, or the �OOODA� loop

44. Boyd�s Loop Action after the action is initiated, the situation has changed, leading you to the top of the cycle, ready to re-observe

45. Time Management Just as, if not more, important as distance End the confrontation ASAP Don�t allow opponent time to formulate plan Don�t allow opponent to launch attack Literally, tenths and hundredths of a second can make a difference May Contraindicate gaining distance and cover in some situations - �finish the fight�

46. Movement Martial Arts Principle - �lines defeat circles, circles defeat lines� Bullets are the epitome of a linear attack Therefore, all movement must be off the line of attack Continuous, unpredictable movement interrupts opponent�s loop, makes you a hard target Flexible, Fluid, Flowing, Unpredictable

47. Mind Set Chaos Accept that Chaos is a normal part of Lethal Encounter Inflict Chaos upon your opponent, Place your opponent under duress �Deadly Calm� Mental State Facilitated by breath control and lower heart rate, resulting from training & experience

48. Mind Set Confidence / Balance Proper mental state yields better �posturing� and can win the confrontation before it begins Predator and Prey relationship Target Fixation - #1 Killer Flexible, Fluid, Flowing, Unpredictable

49. Equipment - Lasers Advantages Potential deterrent factor Possible training use - graphic display of anticipating the shot Use when sights not available, e.g when using a Body Bunker, NVE, or gas mask 1. How many subjects are going to be looking at their own forehead or chest to see the laser designator on them when confronted by Police? One company recognized this and in their promotional video had officers direct the subject to look at the dots on his chest. Very Hokey. 2. Preferred use of training dollar = time and ammunition 1. How many subjects are going to be looking at their own forehead or chest to see the laser designator on them when confronted by Police? One company recognized this and in their promotional video had officers direct the subject to look at the dots on his chest. Very Hokey. 2. Preferred use of training dollar = time and ammunition

50. Equipment - Lasers Disadvantages Cost Failure Factor - Batteries, switching devices �Find your dot� MUCH slower than sights Violate the KISS principle Another example of gadgets replacing skill 1. Costs 2-3 cases of ammunition 2. Murphy�s Law, not to mention that you will forget or not be able to even turn it on. 3. Daylight washes out dots; Which is my dot? 4. Buy a shot timer and see for yourself. Shot timer is a much more useful training tool. 5. Administrators and Bean Counters love technology over skill. 1. Costs 2-3 cases of ammunition 2. Murphy�s Law, not to mention that you will forget or not be able to even turn it on. 3. Daylight washes out dots; Which is my dot? 4. Buy a shot timer and see for yourself. Shot timer is a much more useful training tool. 5. Administrators and Bean Counters love technology over skill.

51. Equipment - Night Vision Devices Advantages YOU CAN SEE IN THE DARK!!!. Passive NVD prevent don�t emit infrared light which may be seen by other NVD�s 1. YOU CAN SEE IN THE DARK!!! 2. Third Generation + optics. New weapon mounted systems look very promising, but very expensive.1. YOU CAN SEE IN THE DARK!!! 2. Third Generation + optics. New weapon mounted systems look very promising, but very expensive.

52. Equipment -Night Vision Devices Disadvantages Cost May be Cumbersome Eliminate Peripheral Vision and Depth Perception May be fragile Training Issues Defeated by Application of Intense Light

53. Equipment - Tritium Sights Should be installed on any social weapon �Night Sights� only allow more accurate placement of shots, not target identification 1. Numerous manufacturers out there now with different colors, bar and dot combinations, aperture rear sights, etc. Found this advertisement for night sights adapted to the new Popular Culture shooting technique1. Numerous manufacturers out there now with different colors, bar and dot combinations, aperture rear sights, etc. Found this advertisement for night sights adapted to the new Popular Culture shooting technique

55. Equipment - Handheld White Lights Beam must be even and free from dark spots and imperfections Beam must be at least 50 lumens (100) lumens v. candlepower Orientation Independent Switch (tailcap) Momentary Only Switch and separate Constant On Switch 1. Sure Fire Lights are hands down the best lights that I�ve used. I don�t have and financial interest in recommending them and would use any other light that meets their level of quality and features. The are also and extremely customer friendly company with outstanding customer service and are also very responsive to customer input. 2. Eyes only see where the light is. Therefore, if beam has dark spots, you will not see what is in the dark spots. Have personally seen this phenomenon on the range. 3. Lumens are basically equivalent to the QUANTITY of light emitted. Candlepower refers to the brightness of the beam as measured in the brightest spot. 4. Allows the user to pick up and locate the switch rapidly and under stress. 5. Under stress, will not be able to use the fine motor skills necessary to manipulate correctly the combined switch as found on maglights.1. Sure Fire Lights are hands down the best lights that I�ve used. I don�t have and financial interest in recommending them and would use any other light that meets their level of quality and features. The are also and extremely customer friendly company with outstanding customer service and are also very responsive to customer input. 2. Eyes only see where the light is. Therefore, if beam has dark spots, you will not see what is in the dark spots. Have personally seen this phenomenon on the range. 3. Lumens are basically equivalent to the QUANTITY of light emitted. Candlepower refers to the brightness of the beam as measured in the brightest spot. 4. Allows the user to pick up and locate the switch rapidly and under stress. 5. Under stress, will not be able to use the fine motor skills necessary to manipulate correctly the combined switch as found on maglights.

56. Equipment - Handheld White Lights Lithium Batteries v. Rechargeable Batteries are expensive but reliable Rechargeable batteries need TLC Make sure lamps are compatible Use rechargeable for training and administrative duties Use batteries for �social� applications 1. Lithium Batteries can be purchased in bulk at about $3 - $3.5 each. The batteries have a 10 year shelf life. After about half their life is used, the beam begins to turn a little orange or yellow, giving an early warning of their remaining life. 2. Rechargeable batteries can be over charged and damaged. They may also develop a memory. Buy and use the �smart� charge so as not to overcharge the battery. It also delivers a much more rapid charge. (2 hours v. 11 hours) Rechargeable batteries will discharge over time even if not used and will reach the end of their charge rapidly and without warning. 3. In the Surefires, the �P� series lamps can only be used with lithium batteries. �R� series lamps may be used with both lithium and rechargeable batteries, but they are slightly less powerful. There are now different power level lamps as well: P60 = 65 lumens for 1 hour; P61 = 120 lumens for 20 minutes. 1. Lithium Batteries can be purchased in bulk at about $3 - $3.5 each. The batteries have a 10 year shelf life. After about half their life is used, the beam begins to turn a little orange or yellow, giving an early warning of their remaining life. 2. Rechargeable batteries can be over charged and damaged. They may also develop a memory. Buy and use the �smart� charge so as not to overcharge the battery. It also delivers a much more rapid charge. (2 hours v. 11 hours) Rechargeable batteries will discharge over time even if not used and will reach the end of their charge rapidly and without warning. 3. In the Surefires, the �P� series lamps can only be used with lithium batteries. �R� series lamps may be used with both lithium and rechargeable batteries, but they are slightly less powerful. There are now different power level lamps as well: P60 = 65 lumens for 1 hour; P61 = 120 lumens for 20 minutes.

57. Equipment - Weapon Mounted Lights Same requirements as handheld, plus Dedicated mounting specific to weapon �Must Have� for rifles, shotguns, SMG�s Use pistols with dedicated lights for �One Handed� officers - K-9 and Bunker officers Switching for one handed operation 1. Same bright , clean beam, same power level, separate momentary and constant on switch, as well as a disable switch. Even Surefire doesn�t usually have it, but a remote switch on the firing grip would be ideal. Allows long gun to be used one handed. 2. Cobbled together light mounts with exposed wiring are an invitation for Mr.. Murphy to attend your next critical incident. 3. According to the Director of the Surefire Institute, he would not recommend attaching the flashlight to the handgun for most uses, preferring instead to used the modified FBI position. It also necessitates muzzle searching, thereby violating Rule #2, Never Point Your Muzzle at Anything You Aren�t Willing to Kill.1. Same bright , clean beam, same power level, separate momentary and constant on switch, as well as a disable switch. Even Surefire doesn�t usually have it, but a remote switch on the firing grip would be ideal. Allows long gun to be used one handed. 2. Cobbled together light mounts with exposed wiring are an invitation for Mr.. Murphy to attend your next critical incident. 3. According to the Director of the Surefire Institute, he would not recommend attaching the flashlight to the handgun for most uses, preferring instead to used the modified FBI position. It also necessitates muzzle searching, thereby violating Rule #2, Never Point Your Muzzle at Anything You Aren�t Willing to Kill.

58. References / Reading Low Light Instructor Manual: The SureFire Institute, Ken J. Good, www.surefire.com (Now at www.strategosintl.com) Fight at Night, by Andy Stanford. Paladin Press, Boulder, CO. Copyright 1999. �A Training Frontier: Reduced Light, Parts 1-3�, by Thomas J. Aveni, Smith and Wesson Academy Newsletter, Autumn 1997.

59. References / Reading �Visual Perception in Low-Light Levels, Implications for Shooting Incidents�, by Paul Michel, O.D., FBI Bulletin, May 1998. �Flashlight Assisted Shooting..Technology, Tactics, and Techniques�, by Eugene Nielsen, SWAT Magazine, December 1996.

60. References / Reading �The Persistence of Questionable Shootings� by Tom Aveni, Law and Order Magazine, June 2002

61. Live Fire Exercises All drills will be practiced �dry� before the live fire exercises. Two relays will be run, when not shooting, you will be teamed with a shooter for safety/coaching

62. Live Fire Exercises Drill #1 - Practice �Neck Index� Three full magazines: ~45 rounds Static Silhouette Target at 5 yards Slow for form a. Fire 2-3 rounds from draw on command, using one magazine b. Fire 2-3 rounds on command, off hand, one magazine c. Fire 2-3 rounds on command, transitioning between right and left hand in between bursts, one magazine When reloading, use both hands. Place flashlight in holder, crook of knee, under foot, under armpit, etc., but maintain physical contact. Don�t just lay it on the ground or it will roll away or you will forgot where you put it down. ABOVE ALL ELSE, MAKE SURE YOUR MUZZLE STAYS POINTED DOWNRANGE AND YOUR TRIGGER FINGER IS OFF THE TRIGGER AND OUTSIDE THE TRIGGER GUARD!!! If you drop anything, do not bed over to pick it up. When reloading, use both hands. Place flashlight in holder, crook of knee, under foot, under armpit, etc., but maintain physical contact. Don�t just lay it on the ground or it will roll away or you will forgot where you put it down. ABOVE ALL ELSE, MAKE SURE YOUR MUZZLE STAYS POINTED DOWNRANGE AND YOUR TRIGGER FINGER IS OFF THE TRIGGER AND OUTSIDE THE TRIGGER GUARD!!! If you drop anything, do not bed over to pick it up.

63. Live Fire Exercises Drill #2 - Practice -Harries Technique Three full magazines: ~45 rounds Static Silhouette Target at 5 yards Slow for form a. Fire 2-3 rounds from draw on command, using one magazine b. Fire 2-3 rounds on command, off hand, one magazine c. Fire 2-3 rounds on command, transitioning between right and left hand in between bursts, one magazine

64. Live Fire Exercises Exercise #3 - �Light, Shoot, Move� Three full magazines, static silhouette target @ 5 yards. On command �Up� �Down� �Left� or �Right� �Transition�, illuminate target, fire two or three HITS!, extinguish light and make directed movement/transition Practice displacing both vertically and horizontally, while maintaining Eye/Light/Weapon alignment Three basic positions advocated by the Smith & Wesson Academy. 1. Search Position for normal, everyday tasks. No weapon presented. 2. Ready Position for possible threatening situations. Weapon drawn to low ready, but flashlight remains in Search Position. Avoids violation of Rule #2. 3. Challenge Position for confronting subjects. May use any flashlight shooting technique. Weapon ready to fire.Three basic positions advocated by the Smith & Wesson Academy. 1. Search Position for normal, everyday tasks. No weapon presented. 2. Ready Position for possible threatening situations. Weapon drawn to low ready, but flashlight remains in Search Position. Avoids violation of Rule #2. 3. Challenge Position for confronting subjects. May use any flashlight shooting technique. Weapon ready to fire.

65. Live Fire Exercises Exercise #4 - Neck Index test Load three magazines with 10 rounds each Face Target at 10 feet Illuminate and engage target as it appears, shoot as necessary until it disappears, extinguish light and move within shooting position. Vary shooting positions between kneeling and standing, left and right handed.

66. Live Fire Exercises Exercise #5 - Harries Technique test Load three magazines with 10 rounds each Face Target at 10 feet Illuminate and engage target as it appears, shoot as necessary until it disappears, extinguish light and move within shooting position. Vary shooting positions between kneeling and standing.

67. Live Fire Exercises Compare Targets from Exercise #4 and #5

68. Force on Force Training Uses Simunition FX Marking Cartridges Creates stress to challenge decision making process Provides arena to test principles and techniques Training Environment that risks Ego and Personal Security (i.e. pain) to activate Sympathetic Nervous System

69. Force on Force Training Exponentially Increases Ability to Survive Drills: Two v. Many (Building Clearing) Two v. Two (Barricades / Parking Lot) Four v. One (Barricades / Parking Lot) Videotaped for self-awareness and critique

70. S/A Jay Smith Pager: 608-376-0889 Office: 608-242-5393 email: smithjd@doj.state.wi.us 1. Self Introduction: LE for 12 years. First eight years predominately on the midnight shift at a rural sheriff�s department. Now am a narcotics investigator for the Wisconsin DOJ, and a member of the state�s Clandestine Lab Enforcement Team. Firearms Instructor since 1995. Member of IALEFI and NTOA. Have been shooting since I was 12 and started shooting handgun competitions at 18. Now studying the human component of gunfighting. SAIC Sperry called me up and said that DNE was going to be hosting this RTC. I said that I would love to attend. He said that I was going to be a presenter. I asked, �Presenter of what?!� He said lowlight tactics. What I felt to be my weakest subject. He said, �Don�t worry, we�ll send you to some training� and I got to attend the 1999 ATC in Phoenix and went to the class put on by Ken Good of the Surefire Institute. DOJ�S T&S firearms manual covers lowlight shooting as Hold the Flashlight in the Harries Position, roll out from cover, blip the light, and fire two rounds if necessary, before returning to behind the barricade. Instinctively knew that there must be more to lowlight and flashlights than that. 1. Self Introduction: LE for 12 years. First eight years predominately on the midnight shift at a rural sheriff�s department. Now am a narcotics investigator for the Wisconsin DOJ, and a member of the state�s Clandestine Lab Enforcement Team. Firearms Instructor since 1995. Member of IALEFI and NTOA. Have been shooting since I was 12 and started shooting handgun competitions at 18. Now studying the human component of gunfighting. SAIC Sperry called me up and said that DNE was going to be hosting this RTC. I said that I would love to attend. He said that I was going to be a presenter. I asked, �Presenter of what?!� He said lowlight tactics. What I felt to be my weakest subject. He said, �Don�t worry, we�ll send you to some training� and I got to attend the 1999 ATC in Phoenix and went to the class put on by Ken Good of the Surefire Institute. DOJ�S T&S firearms manual covers lowlight shooting as Hold the Flashlight in the Harries Position, roll out from cover, blip the light, and fire two rounds if necessary, before returning to behind the barricade. Instinctively knew that there must be more to lowlight and flashlights than that.

71. S/A Darren Hynek Pager: 608-376-1540 Office: 608-326-5053 email: hynekda@doj.state.wi.us