COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM THROUGH ANTI-CORRUPTION IN EASTERN AFRICA. Mohamed Jaafar

1. COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM THROUGH ANTI-CORRUPTION IN EASTERN AFRICA. Mohamed Jaafar East Africa CSO Roundtable On Fast-tracking UNCAC Implementation Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 12th April, 2019

2. Project Objectives and Outcomes Objective:To pilot the impact of countering police corruption on radicalization and acts of violent extremism in the community Outcomes 1: Increase capacity for internal anti-corruption oversight in Kenya’s National Police Service and the Tanzania Police Force Outcome 2: Empower communities to report on police corruption in an effective manner and address acts of violent extremism Outcome 3:Promote collaborative working relations between community, police, and the media at a local level

3. Scope of pilot project • Assessment undertaken identified 6 policing communities • Kenya - Nairobi (Pangani and Shaurimoyo) - Mombasa (Likoni and Changamwe) • Zanzibar (Ng’ambo and Mwera) • Validation of Project done in June 2017 • Field Implementation commenced in August 2017 • Project housed at Internal Affairs Unit (Kenya) and Zanzibar Police Commission • Local Community Advisors and partners identification

4. Countering violent extremism more effectively • Reducing Police Corruption • Building public confidence • Cooperation with community and media ASSUMPTION • If police leadership, management, officers, and staff are committed, willing and actively fighting institutional corruption, then public confidence and trust will increase • If public confidence and trust in the police increases, then the community and the media are likely to cooperate in countering radicalization into violent extremism • If the police, community and media understand their roles, responsibilities and obligations, then they will be more effective in countering corruption and violent extremism

5. Corruption in Kenya and Tanzania • Laws and institutions in place- H/W Whistleblower needs more legislative support • Corruption and economic crimes are partners in crime • Media and CSO exposure of corruption and the ‘drivers of radicalization for decades- Traditional Role of CSO’s • https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001318406/ngo-blames-police-force-after-naked-bodies-were-found-decomposing-in-park • https://idpc.net/media/press-releases/2016/08/over-300-ngos-call-on-the-united-nations-to-take-immediate-action-on-the-hundreds-of-extrajudicial-killings-of-suspected-drug-offenders-in-the-philippines • Still, impunity persists despite CSO’s major roles- Watchdog ( Accountability including Inter’l Obligations), Awareness Creation, proposing alternatives ETC

6. Corruption and VE • Low confidence in institutions → no reporting • Transparency International – Corruption Perception Index 2018: N/B the average score is just 43. • Kenya: 144 Rwanda: 48 Burundi: 170 Ethiopia: 114 • Tanzania: 99 Djibouti: 124 Uganda: 149 S.S: 178 • Evidence from TI suggest countries lowest on the index often in conflict. This gives good grounds for prospective VE • UN SG Plan of Action on preventing VE suggests countries that fail to control corruption witness greater number of incidents linked to VE

7. Terrorism Patterns and Trends: Global Perspectives- (Institute for Economics and Peace- Since 2000) • v • Factors Considered in the ranking • Total number of terrorist incidents in a given year • Total number of fatalities caused by terrorism in a given year • Total number of injuries caused by terrorism in a given year • The approximate level of total property damage from terrorist incidents in a given year

8. Link between Corruption and VE/ Terrorism • Corruption may be a cause and consequence of govt deficit and therefore sustain conditions that may fuel VE • State institutions weakened by ingrained and deep-seated corruption are not only less effective in fighting terrorism but are vulnerable to exploitation by terrorist groups, • Corruption and poor governance hamper countries’ ability to fight terrorism (Corruption in the police, military, judiciary e.t.c) • Corruption facilitates international terror attacks (Immigration, customs, judiciary e.t.c) • Corruption helps cross-border terrorist financing (Charcoal and wildlife). Corruption and terrorist financing share methods to hide money ( Money Laundering)

9. The Link Between Corruption and Radicalization Into Violent Extremism Primary recruiting pool for violent extremist groups using corruption narratives: • Rural, less educated- H/W Devolution changed the dynamics of information sharing- Opp for CSO’s • Urban, educated, disgruntled with bad governance • Political ‘dissidents’ and the corruption narrative of sitting regimes. ( Bible and Quran Verses) GAP FOR Kenyan CSO: Research on effect of devolution

10. The Link Between Corruption and Radicalization Into Violent Extremism Part Of the SOLUTION (re)build trust between communities and officials through the strengthening of an inclusive and rights-based governance system and public space

11. STRENGTHEN TRUST POLICE MEDIA COMMUNITY TRUST

12. ACFE’s 2010 Global Fraud Study • Most schemes are detected by tips • Employees are most common source of tips • Existence of hotlines increase number of tips • Corruption schemes were most commonly reported in mining, oil and gas, and construction industries www.acfe.com

15. Some activities Implemented Under the Project • Baseline Survey to determine Police- Community Trust in Kenya and Tanzania (Zanzibar) • Development and operationalization of an Anonymous Reporting System (ARIS) for IAU and capacity/ material Support (Joint with TI Kenya), Toll Free Number for ZAECA • Supporting Working Committees In six Policing Communities in Kenya and Tanzania (Zanzibar)- Refurbishment and cleaning exercises • Continuous Dialogue Sessions- Media, Community, Police and independent bodies • Joint Police and Community Public forums to publicize the Baseline findings and ARIS • Use of Local Radio Programmes in the Six Policing Communities • Use of Sports and drama to encourage trust building at the community level

16. PHOTO GALLERY

17. QUESTIONS? Thank you, Asante, Merci, MurakozeKyane, NeyanzizaaNyoo, Ameseginalehu, Kea Leboha, Shukran!