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French Revolution

French Revolution. 1789-1815. France: A Little Background Information. The 4 C’s Clovis united Frankish tribes war and religion (Christianity) Charles Martel protected the Kingdom Charlemagne expanded into an empire war & religion Treaty of Verdun divided empire into 3

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French Revolution

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  1. French Revolution 1789-1815

  2. France: A Little Background Information • The 4 C’s • Clovis • united Frankish tribes • war and religion (Christianity) • Charles Martel • protected the Kingdom • Charlemagne • expanded into an empire • war & religion • Treaty of Verdun • divided empire into 3 • (France, Germany + Lorraine) • Capetians rule 300years • made monarchy stronger • Estates general established • (consisted of 3 groups: Clergy-Nobility-Rest of population)

  3. 3 Estates

  4. Characteristics of Absolutism

  5. 1.Why were members of each Estate unhappy? • 1st Estate Clergy: • Enlightenment undermined religion and social order. • 2nd Estate Nobles: • resented Absolutism • the rising middle class felt threatened • Jacques Necker (king’s financial advisor) suggested taxation for nobles. • 3rd Estate: • privileges enjoyed by the other estates • Peasants suffered • from poor wages • heavy taxes • poor harvests • lack of rights.

  6. 2.What were causes of the financial crisis that gripped France? • DEFICIT SPENDING (large debt from): • Expensive wars • Extravagant spending • Poor harvests • Economic recession • (not enough $ to buy stuff)

  7. 3. Why did Louis XVI call the Estates General in 1789, which hadn’t been summoned in 175yrs? • Verge of Bankruptcy, • bread riots • nobles denouncing the throne. •  King asked each estate to prepare cahiers (notebooks listing grievances) • All insisted on reform

  8. 4. What were the results of this decision? • Bastille Stormed • July 14, 1789 • Symbol of Freedom • French Revolution begins • National Assembly formed • Tennis Court Oath

  9. 5.What role did the people of Paris play in the French revolution? • Paris = capital • revolutionary center of France. • Revolutionary factions • National Guard and the Paris Commune competed for power in Paris. • Parisians marched on Versailles • for bread • insisted the royal family accompany them back to Paris.

  10. 6. What were the results? • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Declared all men were equal and had natural rights to: • liberty • property • security • resistance to oppression. • Civil Constitution of Clergy • Made bishops and priests elected and salaried officials • ended papal authority over French Church. (under state control) • Constitution of 1791 • set up a limited monarchy • new legislative Assembly

  11. 7. Why did some people support the revolution? • start of a new age for justice and equality

  12. 8. Why did other people oppose the revolution? • Fear • violence • Declaration of Pilnitz • European powers support monarch

  13. Radical Days • 1792-August 10-> King and Queen are imprisoned. • Monarchy • abolished • France = Republic • 1793-> Mountain=Jacobins (Radicals) vs. Girondins • Jacobins Take over  • Robespierre, Marat, Danton • Committee of Public Safety formed (12 members) • Absolute control • Reign of Terror begins  • King Louis XVI executed January  • Queen Marie Antoinette executed October

  14. 1. Why did revolutionaries fear that the Revolution was in danger? • Leaders driven to preserve and extend revolution • France was at war w/ much of Europe.  • Peasants were revolting. (Sept. massacres) • Sans-Culottes demanded relief from food shortages and rising prices. • Counterrevolution

  15. 2. What did revolutionaries do in response? • Set up Committee of Public Safety (enemies=death) • Committee of Public Safety = Reign of Terror • Results: • Over 17,000 killed  •  Changes in daily life (clothes), arts (classical), and women’s rights (divorce easier, inherit property, no politics) • Church shut down • Robespierre killed • 1794-> Reign of Terror ends • 1795-> Directory in control • Third Constitution drafted • 5 man directory • 2 house legislative elected by male citizens of property. • held power until 1799

  16. Napoleon (1799-1815) • Rise to power-> Rapid • Born on island Corsica • Early fame based on military victories. • Overthrew Directory (coup d’etat) • Set up Consulate (3 men) He’s #1 • Eventually named himself Emperor

  17. What did he do? • Napoleonic Code • Reflected Enlightenment principles • Undid some revolutionary reforms (women)  • Centralized Power • ALL men could vote (no elections after 1804) • Plebiscites (ballots for voting) • Created Nation-wide Public School System • Primary, secondary, lycees (military), technical schools. • Stressed obedience + military values • Science and Math promoted • Increased Currency (money)- stabilized economy • Sold Louisiana (827,000 square miles to America (T.Jefferson) for $15 million=60 Francs

  18. And there’s more… • Improved relations w/Church • Instituted censorship of press  • Encouraged + strengthened military forces • United in his empire almost whole of Europe (not since Roman Empire + Charlemagne) • Annexed lands (added Austria+ Italy) • Made Alliances (nepotism=family) • Abolished the Holy Roman Empire, renamed Confederation of the Rhine.

  19. Fall of Napoleon • 1799-1815-Engaged in costly warfare causing bankruptcy • 1805 Battled Britain (in war and economy) • Battle of Trafalgar (water) • Continental System=France • Blockade=Britain • Lead to War of 1812 w/America • 1805 Battle of Austerlitz (France vs. Austria & Russia)-France wins Austria + N. Italy • Annexed lands revolted-guerilla warfare in Spain. • 1809 Battle of Wagram-Austria wants revenge-lost • 1812 Battled Russia- • 600,000 French soldiers left for 1,000 trek to Moscow-20,000 returned • Defeated by Russia (scorched earth tactic) • 1813 Battle of Nations (Leipzig) Russia, Britain, Austria + Prussia defeat France.

  20. Fall of Napoleon • 1814 Napoleon abdicates (gives up power) • Exiled to Elba • Louis XVIII named ruler (Louis XVI’s brother) • 1815 Napoleon returns for 100 days (March) • Battle of Waterloo • defeated by Britain, Russia, Prussia + Austria in 1 day • 1821 • Banished and dies @ St. Helena

  21. Congress of Vienna • Create a lasting peace: BALANCE OF POWER • Countries + Representatives • Austria-> Prince Clemens von Metternich • Russia-> Alexander I • Britain-> Lord Robert Castlereaugh • France-> Prince Charles Maurice de Tallyrand

  22. What did they do? • Redrew map of Europe • Surround France w/ strong countries • Protect Monarchy (legitimacy) in France, Spain, Portugal and Italian city-states • Set up Quadruple Alliance (Austria, Russia, Prussia + Britain) • Balance of Power (Concert of Europe) met to discuss problem within Europe to keep the peace

  23. #1 Monarchy-Old Order/Estates General Phases of the French Revolution

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