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Osman’s Dream

Osman’s Dream. HIST 1007 11/18/13. History at the Movies. Kingdom of Heaven (2005) Thur. Nov. 21 st 6-9pm McMicken 53. Forensic Reconstruction (1941). Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand. Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand. Gunpowder/Muslim/Early Modern/ Turko -Persian Empires.

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Osman’s Dream

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  1. Osman’s Dream HIST 1007 11/18/13

  2. History at the Movies • Kingdom of Heaven (2005) • Thur. Nov. 21st 6-9pm • McMicken 53

  3. Forensic Reconstruction (1941)

  4. Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand

  5. Ulugh Beg Observatory, Samarqand

  6. Gunpowder/Muslim/Early Modern/Turko-Persian Empires • Ottoman Empire (1299-1923) • Safavid Empire (1502-1722) • Mughal Empire (1526-1761)

  7. Why Gunpowder Empires? • Term used to categorize the three great Muslim empires of the early modern period. • Emphasizes their impressive military exploits. • Adoption of new technologies as keys to success. Early 16th century Ottoman volley gun

  8. The Gun • 9th century: Gunpowder developed in China • 12th century: Chinese fire lance • 13th century: Gunpowder and early firearms travel with the Mongols • 1260: Battle of AinJalut, perhaps first use of a canon • 14th century: hand-held canons become predecessor to handguns and rifles

  9. Turko-Persian Empires

  10. The Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)

  11. Ottoman Origins • Ghazi Emirates: born out of decline of Seljuqs of Rum • Frontier Society: Tribes, Nomads, and Mercenaries • Egalitarian Structure • Distribution of Plunder: Wealth, Slaves, Land • Warriors of the Faith?

  12. Osman’s Dream • Osman I (r. 1299-1324) • Focus on the Byzantine Empire • Bursa: Western Anatolia (1323) • Shrewdness of Osman • Strategic location, the Dardanelles strait • Combination of Turkish cavalry with gunpowder infantry

  13. Trade Routes

  14. Bursa • Conquered by Ottomans – 1323 • Commercial Center – Merchants, Artisans, and Guilds • Capital City – Administration and Stability • Infrastructure – Mosque and Caravanserai

  15. Bursa Bazaar (1340)

  16. Bursa Ulu Mosque

  17. Ottoman Expansion

  18. Conquest of the Balkans • 1345 – Ottomans cross the straits from Anatolia to the Balkans • 1389 – Battle of Kosovo: Defeat of Serbia, assert Ottoman control of Balkans • Vassalage and marriage • Conversion and Sufism • 1396 and 1444 – Attempted crusades against the Ottoman Empire

  19. Mehmed “The Conqueror” • Mehmed II (r. 1444-1446, 1451-1481) • May 29th, 1453: Conquest of Constantinople • Cannon, navy (carried across land), and infantry • End of the Byzantine Empire (330-1453), the Fall of the Second Rome • Kayser-i Rum • One foot in Asia, the other in Europe

  20. Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566) • Golden Age of Ottoman expansion and power • Known for military conquests in the West • 1516-1517: Syria and Egypt, end of Mamluk Sultanate • 1529: Siege of Vienna • Known for codification of legal system in the east (Kanuni) • Shift from Turkic tribal ruler to ruler of a state

  21. Diversity and the millet System • Pattern of Ottoman expansion meant they ruled over large numbers of non-Muslims. • Reach of the Sultan not very deep into society (taxes and military) • Local courts and local leaders enforced most laws and dealt with most disputes. • Courts divided by millet based on religion. • Muslim, Greek Orthodox, Armenian, Syrian Orthodox, and Jewish

  22. Diversity and the millet System • Exchange religious and cultural freedom for taxation. • Certain restrictions, but each millet could act independently within its boundaries.

  23. Janissaries • Mid-14th century: expanding empire requires standing army, less reliance on ghazis and Turkic tribes. • devshirme:(1365-1648), every five years, Christian boys from the Balkans aged 10-12 were collected as a tax • Boys were taught Turkish, lived in Turkish households, and converted to Islam • They were then sent to Janissary academies

  24. Palace Schools • 15th – 20th Centuries • Princes and Peasants • Education • Languages and Literature • Turkish, Arabic, Persian, Greek • Mathematics, Administration and Finance • Personal Conduct, Music and Sports • Law and Theology • History • Military Science • Merit as an Organizing Principle

  25. Janissaries • Traditional Ottoman army based on Turkic cavalry • Janissary Corps focused on infantry and use of gunpowder weapons • Depending on talents, boys enlisted in the Janissaries became infantry, palace guards, or administrators • Improvements in gunpowder technologies increased the size and influence of the Janissaries (well over 50,000 strong at peak).

  26. OgierGhiselin de Busbecq’sTurkish Letters • Flemish nobleman, employed by the Hapsburg dynasty. • 1555-1561: Sent to Istanbul on diplomatic mission for Ferdinand I, archduke of Austria, king of Hungary and Bohemia, and Holy Roman Emperor • 1589: publishes his notes on life at the Ottoman court • What does de Busbecq see as the strength of the Ottoman Empire? • What does he see as its weakness?

  27. Constantinople and the Sublime Port • Move from tribal affiliations and personal loyalties to an abstract state. • Ottoman Sultan as austere figure. • Cannot even speak in his presence. • Reflected in the splendor of palace life

  28. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

  29. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul

  30. The Gates of Topkapi Palace

  31. An Audience with the Sultan

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