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Origin and Domestication of Swine

Origin and Domestication of Swine. Not herded easily – regional development many different types as a result China - 4900 BC, Great Britain – 800 BC Most intelligent – feral in a few generations – e.g. Arkansas Razorbacks some nondomesticated types…. US wild pigs? Javelinas/peccaries

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Origin and Domestication of Swine

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  1. Origin and Domestication of Swine • Not herded easily – regional development • many different types as a result • China - 4900 BC, Great Britain – 800 BC • Most intelligent – feral in a few generations – e.g. Arkansas Razorbacks • some nondomesticated types…. US wild pigs? • Javelinas/peccaries • warthog, riverpig, forest hog - Africa

  2. Origin and Domestication of Swine • Today’s swine originated from: • European Wild Boar – still exist in Europe • Black and gray or brown • East Indian Pig (several types) • These two crossed to form modern swine breeds

  3. Swine in the USA • Columbus, 8 head to the USA • Hunted down with dogs 13 year later – killing cattle • DeSoto • 13 head, 3 yr later, 700 pigs • escapees were origin of razorbacks • Many US breeds of swine developed in the USA • native females crossed with European, Chinese and Russian boars

  4. Swine Breeds • Maternal breeds – typically white; excel in litter size, fertility, milk production. • Paternal (sire) breeds – typically colored; excel in leanness, muscling, growth rate. • Corporate swine breeding companies • ie. DeKalb, Pig Improvement Company (PIC). • sell synthetic “lines” of breeding stock • hybrids of 2 or more breeds to form “lines” • sire/terminal or maternal lines

  5. Yorkshire • maternal breed – 1st in USA • England (Large White) • white, erect ears • excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

  6. Chester White • maternal breed – 7th in USA • Pennsylvania • white, small drooping ears • excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

  7. Landrace • maternal breed 4th in USA • Denmark • white, large drooping ears excels in: • litter size • milk production • fertility

  8. Duroc • paternal breed – 2nd in USA • New York/New Jersey • solid red color • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

  9. Hampshire • paternal sire – 3rd in USA • Boone County, KY • black, white belt • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

  10. Spots (Spotted) • paternal sire – 5th in USA • Putnam County, IN • black and white spots • drooping ears • excels in: • leanness • growth • muscling

  11. Poland China • Dual purpose – 8th in USA • Warren County, OH • black, white on legs, snout and tail • drooping ears • excels in: • growth • litter size

  12. Berkshire • Paternal sire – 6th in USA • England • black, white on legs, snout and tail • erect ears • excels in: • growth • leaness • muscling

  13. Pietrain – Belgium – muscle and stress gene http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/index.htm Meishan – China - litters Kele – China - lard Vietnamese Pot Belly - ???

  14. Swine Breeds • Few (< 1%) purebred hogs in US • Used in some purebreed crossing systems • Source of known genetics for development of hybrids • Crossbreds: 20-30% more efficient in production = HETEROSIS • Use terminal and maternal lines and corporate hybrids • e.g. Landrace x Yorkshire sows • Hampshire x Duroc boars

  15. Premier Swine Breeding Company MATERNAL LINES TERMINAL LINES

  16. Ideal Market Hog-Primary Product • Standards set by National Pork Board • Market weight = 260 lbs • Days to 260 lbs = 160 days avg. • Loin eye area = 6.8 sq. in. avg. • High fat free lean index • from terminal crossbreeding program • free of the stress gene • from maternal line weaning 25 pigs/sow/year

  17. Grading Pork Carcasses • No standard Quality grades • Must have “acceptable” quality to meet standard Grading System • USDA # 1, 2, 3, 4, Utility • Lean yield from ham, loin, blade shoulder and picnic shoulder • 1 > 53% • 2 50 – 52.9 • 3 47- 49.9 • 4 < 47 • Based upon backfat and muscling score

  18. Pork Quality – PSE pork

  19. Pork Quality – PSE pork • Pale, soft and exudative • less appealing to consumer • water loss affects yield and profitability for processors • associated with porcine stress syndrome • homozygous recessive • lean, heavily muscled hogs

  20. Secondary Pork Products • Sows – Weight? • 270-600 #s Jimmy Dean Sausage • Boars • Taint ….Pizza (all weights)

  21. Reproductive Management • Maximize use of facilities • All in – all out system • synchronize estrus for these to occur at same time • breeding; gestation; farrowing; weaning; finishing

  22. Reproductive Management • Puberty ~ 6 months of age • First breeding ~ 8 months and 250 lbs – Why wait? • Increase litter size • Increase longevity of sow • Gestation Length? • 114 days • Litter size – born, born alive, and weaned? • ~11, 10 and 9, respectively • Why does this decrease? • Environmental, management (sizing litters), etc.

  23. Reproductive Management • Age at Weaning? or How long is lactation period? • 10 – 28 days • Peak lactation 21 d after farrowing – why wean so early? • Health of the baby pigs – Why? • Cheaper to feed directly than to feed sow to make milk • Rebreeding – when rebred for a second litter? • First insemination at 4-7 days post-weaning • Weaning synchronizes estrus

  24. Annual productivity of swine • Litters/sow/year? • Weaned at 2 weeks of age • Inseminated 7 days post – weaning • Assumes pregnant at 21 days post farrowing?? Lactation & Breeding 2 Lactation & Breeding 3 Breeding 1 Gestation 1 – 114 days Gestation 2 – 114 days Gestation 3 Jan Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Feb Mar Apr May June July Months

  25. Annual productivity of swine • Litters/sow/year? • Three 114 d gestations and three 21 d post partum periods = 405 days = 1.11 year for 3 litters • = 3/1.11 or 2.7 litters/year Lactation & Breeding 2 Lactation & Breeding 3 Breeding 1 Gestation 1 – 114 days Gestation 2 – 114 days Gestation 3 Jan Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Feb Mar Apr May June July Months

  26. Annual productivity of swine • Litters/sow/year? • Three 114 d gestations and three 21 d post partum periods = 405 days = 1.11 year for 3 litters • = 3/1.11 or 2.7 litters/year • In a perfect herd of 100 sows • 100 sows x 2.7 litters/sow x 9 pigs/litter = 2430 pig/year • Is this what happens in the industry??

  27. Annual productivity of swine • Factors that affect # pigs produced? • Age at weaning? • Culling rate? • # pigs weaned/sow • In a realistic situation, often have a 30% culling rate for each gestation. e.g. • 100 sows x 9 pigs/litter = 900 pigs from first gestation • 70 sows x 9 pigs/litter = 630 pigs from second gestation • 49 sows x 9 pigs/litter = 441 pigs from third gestation • This equals 1971 pigs/1.11 years, or 1791 pigs/year

  28. Annual productivity of swine • This equals 1971 pigs/1.11 years, or 1791 pigs/year • 1791 pigs/9 pigs in a litter = 199 litters • 199 litters from original 100 sows in a year = • 1.99 litters/sow/year. • National average is ~ 2 litters/sow/year

  29. Slides beyond this point not covered in 2005 Winter, and will not be on the exam.

  30. Health Management • Disease PREVENTION • Antibiotic feed additives • ie. Mecadox, Tylan, etc. • Vaccinations • Biosecurity • Minimize disease transmission by: • Limited introduction of new animals - AI • Shower in – shower out • vehicles, equipment, rodents, flies, etc.

  31. Nutritional Management • Monogastric – Limited ability to digest fiber • Finely ground feed or pellets • Typical ration ingredients: • Corn – energy • Soybean meal – protein (lysine 1st limiting) • Dicalcium phosphate; limestone – Ca, P • Vitamin, Trace mineral premix

  32. Nutritional Management • Boars & gestating females • Restricted & individual feeding • Lactating sows • Increased energy & protein • Minimize weight loss • Nursing piglets • Creep feed

  33. Nutritional Management • Weaned (Nursery) pigs • 20-22% protein (dried plasma; whey) • Affects health & performance later • Grower (Finisher) Pigs • maximize growth • energy & protein • ad libitum • always feed available

  34. Stages of Production • Breeding & Farrowing • Gestation, Farrowing, Breeding • Nursery/Feeder Pigs • Finishing/Grower

  35. Types of Swine Operations • Integrated corporate production • ie. Murphy – Brown, LLC., Premium Standard • Farrow-to-Finish (farrow = swine birthing) • All segments but at different sites for biosecurity • Seedstock, breeding/farrowing, nursery/feeder pigs, finishers

  36. Types of Swine Operations • Purebred or Seedstock production • PIC – Pig Improvement Company, DEKALB, etc. • sell purebred or planned crossbred breeding stock • sell boars, gilts

  37. Types of Swine Operations • Nursery/Feeder Pig production • sell weaned pigs (10-15 lbs) or feeder pigs (35-50 lbs) • Grower/Finisher • purchase feeder or weaned pigs • sell market hogs to harvest • maintain breeding stock Can be contracted by corporations

  38. Types of Swine Operations • Farrow-to-finish • Retain breeding stock • Bred females farrow • Feed pigs to harvest weights (250 lbs) • Sell finished pigs to harvest • Smaller farms

  39. Swine Facilities Finisher Free Range Nursery or Finisher with Lagoons Sow Farm

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