Chapter 3

1. Chapter 3 Regional Civilizations

2. Section 1 – The World of Islam • QOD – What are the major beliefs and principles of Islam? • Objective – Explore the early history of Islam and the influence of its cultural, artistic, and scientific contributions to the world.

3. The Arabs • Nomadic, herded sheep & farmed • Semitic-speaking • Lived in the Arabian Peninsula-harsh desert with little water • Believed in supreme god, Allah and also believed in tribal gods • Ancestors go back to Abraham who built a shrine at Makkah(Mecca) called the Kaaba-its cornerstone was sacred called the Black Stone

4. Life of Muhammad • Born in Makkah • Muslims believed he was a prophet • He believed Allah’s final messages were to him • Quran-a book containing the holy scriptures of Islam, Muhammad’s revelations, guidelines for Muslims

5. Life of Muhammad • His followers were persecuted • Hijrah- the journey of Muhammad to Madinah(Medina)- “city of the prophet” • He returned to Makkah and converted them to Islam • Muhammad died as Islam began to spread • Hajj-all Muslims are encouraged to make this pilgrimage to Makkah

6. Teachings of Muhammad • Five Pillars of Islam-ethical code, 5 beliefs • No deity, but One God & Muhammad is his messenger • Prayer-perform prescribed prayers 5 times a day • Charity- give part of their wealth to the poor • Fasting- refrain from food and drink from dawn to sunset during month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage- make a trip to Makkah once in their life

7. Creation of Arab Empire • Abu Bakr-Muhammad’s father-in-law, the first caliph • Caliph- name given to Abu Bakr, successor to Muhammad • Under Abu Bakr the Arabs conquered the Byzantine province of Syria and the entire Persian Empire

8. Successors of Arab Empire • In 661 Mu’awiyah became caliph. • began Umayyad dynasty. • Moved capital from Madinah to Damascus • Beginning of 8th century, Arab armies crossed into southern Spain • Spain became Muslim • Battle of Tours-brought an end to Arab expansion in Europe

9. Successors of Arab Empire • In 732- Arabs conquered southern and eastern Mediterranean & extended east to Mesopotamia and Persia & north to central Asia • In 750- Abu al-Abbasoverthrew Umayyad dynasty and founded Abbasid dynasty which lasted until 1258 • Built new capital in Baghdad, on Tigris River

10. Successors of Arab Empire • Harun al-Rashid-his reign considered the golden age, he ruled at the height of Abbasid empire

11. Successors of Arab Empire • Seljuk Turks- nomadic people from Asia, converted to Islam, soldiers for Abbasid caliphate. • Seljuk Turks grew stronger & captured Abbasid capital in 1055 • Sultan- title of Turkish leader who captured Baghdad, means the “holder of power”

12. Successors of Arab Empire • Mongols • Genghis Khan-unified the Mongols and was given the title “strong ruler” • Mongol armies spread across central Asia. • In 1258, Mongols seized Persia & Mesopotamia • hated Islam & destroyed Baghdad & the Abbasid caliphate ended

13. Economy & Social Structure • Arab Empire was prosperous from trade by ship and camel caravans • Trade prospered in Abbasid dynasty • Muslims followed the Quran closely • Islam claimed all people were equal, but in the Arab Empire there was a well-defined upper class • Quran allowed women spiritual & social equality, but men were dominant in the family and social order

14. Brilliance of Islamic Culture • Effect of Muslim culture on Europe was seen most clearly in Spain under Islamic rule • Ibn-Rushd- Arab scholar who wrote commentaries on Aristotle’s works

15. Brilliance of Islamic Culture • The first year of the Muslim calendar marks the migration to Madinah

16. Brilliance of Islamic Culture • IbnSina-famous philosopher and scientist; wrote a medical encyclopedia • His works were translated into Latin and used in medieval European universities

17. Section 2 – Early African Civilizations • QOD – What were the first 3 civilizations in Africa? • Objective – Explore how trade and the introduction of Christianity and Islam affected the way the early African civilizations developed and interacted.

18. Emergence of Civilization • Africa is 2nd largest continent • Farming gave rise to the first civilizations-Egypt, Kush, & Axum • Kush made itself independent from Egypt around 1,000 B.C. • Axum was founded by Arabs and combined Arab and African cultures • King Enzaconverted to Christianity and made it official religion of Axum

19. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa • Ghana-one of the first great trading states of West Africa, had an abundance of gold • They traded gold for textiles, metal, horses, and salt • Berbers- nomadic people, who carried goods across the desert with camel caravans • Ghana was eventually weakened by wars

20. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa • The trading state, Mali, replaced Ghana • Sundiata Keita- established Mali. • Most of Mali’s people were grain farmers • Mansa Musa – ruled Mali 1307-1337 • doubled its size and created strong government • Encouraged building of mosques and the study of the Quran

21. Royal Kingdoms of West Africa • Songhai • Began to surpass Mali. • Sunni Ali- created the Songhai dynasty, his conquests gave Songhai control of trading empire • Muhammad Ture- ruled Songhai at the height of its power

22. Societies in East & South Africa • Muslims began to settle in Eastern Africa in the 8th century • Farmers who spoke Bantu language moved into East Africa and Congo River basin • Bantu- dialect that came from Niger River region • They took part in the trade on the African coast and it resulted in trading posts • States formed slowly in southern Africa. • Zimbabwe- the most wealthy trading state in south Africa

23. African Society & Culture • Peoples’ identities were determined by their membership in an extended family and in a lineage group • Lineage group- communities of extended family units- served as basic building blocks of African society

24. African Society & Culture • While religious beliefs varied elsewhere, African societies shared common ideas • Belief in various gods, diviners foretelling events, importance of ancestors • Art • Artists from Benin, in West Africa, produced impressive bronze statues

25. Section 3 – The Asian World • QOD – What invention helped make literature both more available and more popular? • Objective – Describe the Sui, Tang, Song, and Mongol dynasties of early China. The rise of Japan, the influence of Islam on India, and the formation of the states of Southeast Asia.

26. China Reunified • China fell into chaos after the Han Dynasty ended in 220 • After 300 years of civil war the short-lived Sui dynasty was set up in 581. • This dynasty was unable to unify China under the emperor’s authority

27. China Reunified • Tang Dynasty • Peasants’ lives began to improve during the Tang dynasty because they were given land and the peace necessary to farm it • Brought peace to northwestern China & expanded control over Tibet • Uighurs- hired by Tang rulers to fight for the dynasty but instead overthrew the Tang

28. China Reunified • Song Dynasty • The Song dynasty was overthrown by the Mongols • The Song formed an alliance with Mongols to try to keep power, but Mongols overthrew them and established the Mongol Dynasty

29. China Reunified • There was 700 years from the beginning of the Sui and the end of the Song dynasty

30. The Mongol Empire • Genghis Khan- “strong ruler” He unified the Mongols • created the largest empire in history • Despite his death, by 1279, China was conquered by the Mongolians • 1260-Mongols attacked Song dynasty of China

31. The Mongol Empire • Kublai Khan • Completed the conquest of China and advanced to Vietnam. He established Yuan dynasty in China • In 1281, a Mongol fleet invading Japan was destroyed by a typhoon

32. The Mongol Empire • Mongols were successful in ruling China • The Mongol dynasty fell when a peasant, Zhu Yaunzhang, raised an army and set up the Ming dynasty- • The Ming dynasty overthrew Mongol rule

33. The Mongol Empire • The period between Tang & Ming dynasties was a time of great Chinese art and literature • The emphasis on landscape in Chinese painting reflects the Daoist search for balance in nature

34. The Rise of the Japanese State • China is a large continent while Japan is a chain of many islands • To fend off Chinese invasion, ShotokuTaishiof the Yamato clan attempted to unify the Japanese clans • Like China, he created a centralized govt. with a supreme rule • He wanted to limit power or aristocrats • Portrayed the ruler as divine and a symbol of the Japanese nation

35. The Rise of the Japanese State • After Taishi’s death, the Fujiwara clan held power even though a Yamato ruler was still emperor • In 710 the capital was moved to Nara • During the Nara period, the central govt. steadily lost power because aristocratic families were able to keep tax revenues for themselves

36. The Rise of the Japanese State • Heinan Period • Capital was moved from Nara to Heian, modern day Kyoto. • Govt. continued the process of decentralizing • Powerful families controlled farmland and they started to take matters of justice into their own hands

37. The Rise of the Japanese State • Samurai- “those who serve” A class of military servants who emerged to protect the security and prosperity of the aristocrats • They lived by a strict warrior code known as Bushido “the way of the warrior”.

38. The Rise of the Japanese State • Late 12th century Japanese families were constantly in civil war • MinamotoYoritomo defeated several rivals to set up a centralized state under the rule of a military leader known as the shogun (general) • This form of govt. was called Shogunate • Lasted from 1192-1333

39. The Rise of the Japanese State • The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown by a group of powerful families • Aristocratic power continued to grow in the 14th & 15th centuries • Daimyo- heads of noble families ,controlled large estates that were tax exempt. Daimyo means “great names”

40. Life & Culture in Early Japan • Early Japan was a farming community • Trade & manufacturing developed during the Kamakura period • Japanese worshipped nature spirits called kami • Landscape served as an important means of expression in Japanese art and architecture

41. India After the Guptas • Islam was spreading to India because • India was in a state of political disunity • The Gupta Empire had collapsed • Muhmud of Ghanzi wanted to extend his rule

42. India After Guptas • Islam arrived with Arab armies & expanded further when rebellious Turkish slaves founded Ghazni, present day Afghanistan • Founder’s son, Mahmud of Ghazni attacked Hindu kingdoms and extended his rule to the Indian Ocean before his death

43. India After Guptas • Rajputs- Hindu warriors, opposed to Muslim advances. They resisted Mahmud and his successors • Islamic cavalry was superior to the Rajputs • By 1200 Muslim power extended over northern India, creating a Muslim state called Sultanate of Delhi

44. India After Guptas • Sultanate Delhi began to decline • TimurLenkand his forces raided the capital of Delhi and then withdrew • His death removed a major threat from the Indian subcontinent • When Muslims ruled India they separated themselves into a ruling class apart from the native Hindus

45. Civilization in Southeast Asia • Southeast Asia lies between China and India • Populated with various cultures • 2 major parts • Mainland region-extends southward from China to Malay Peninsula • Archipelago (chain of islands) • Between 500-1500 states used Chinese and Indian models of govt., adapting them to their own needs

46. Civilization in Southeast Asia • Vietnam had been conquered by China in 111 B.C. • In the 10th century, Vietnam overthrew China • Vietnam adopted the Chinese model of centralized govt. and called the new state Dai Viet. They adopted state Confucianism • Angkor arose in the 9th century and united the Khmer people • Angkor Thom-capital of Angkor, was the most powerful in mainland Southeast Asia

47. Civilization in Southeast Asia • Thai from the North destroyed Angkor capital in 1432 and set up the capital Ayutthaya • The Thai were threatened by the Burmanpeoples. • Pagan- the first great Burman state, founded in the 11th century • Adopted Indian political institutions & culture

48. Civilization in Southeast Asia • The Malay Peninsula & the Indonesian Archipelago were tied by trade that passed from East Asia into the Indian Ocean • The people of Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Archipelago did not unite into a single state because the people were divided into different communities

49. Civilization in Southeast Asia • In most societies hereditary aristocrats held political power and economic wealth. Most lived in major cities • Outside of the cities, there were farmers, fishers, artisans, and merchants. Most were rice farmers and they paid heavy taxes to ruler • Chinese & Indian culture influenced Vietnam. • Angkor Wat- a temple in Southeast Asia; great example of Indian influence

50. Section 4 – Emerging Europe and the Byzantine Empire • QOD – What led to the development of feudalism? • Objective – Describe the role of the church and how it played a role in the growth of European kingdoms.