Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

1. Rule of James I and Charles I Lead to War

2. The Stuart Monarchy

3. James I [r. 1603-1625] James I’s speech to the House of Commons: I am surprised that my ancestors should ever be permitted such an institution to come into existence. I am a stranger, and found it here when I arrived, so that I am obliged to put up with what I cannot get rid of!

4. James I [r. 1603-1625] • Wanted absolute power. • He quickly alienated a Parliament grown accustomed under the Tudors to act on the premise that monarch and Parliament TOGETHER ruled England as a “balance.”

5. James I • Follows Elizabeth (Scottish cousin) • Issue- Power of Parliament • Believed in absolute rule • Divine Right- authority from God • Answer only to God • King James Bible- retranslation in response to conflict w/ Puritans

6. James I

7. Quarrels with Parliament • Elizabeth left debt • Parliament would not give money- James would not bargain • Puritans wanted him to make Church of England less Catholic

8. Gunpowder Plot, 1605 • An attempt by some provincial Catholics to kill King James I and most of the Protestant aristocracy. • Blow up the House of Lords during the state opening of Parliament. Guy Fawkes

9. Executions of the Gunpowder Plotters

10. Charles I • Son of James I • Divine Right ruler • Quarrels with Parliament over $ • 1626 War with Spain forced him to Parliament- dismisses when funds refused • 1626/27- War with France- forces knights and nobles to loan $ (imprisons the unwilling) and quarters troops in private homes

11. Charles I [r. 1625-1649] • Pro-ceremonies and rituals. • Uniformity of church services imposed by a church court. • Anglican Book of Common Prayer for both England AND Scotland. • Seen as too pro-Catholic by the Puritans.

12. Charles I & Parliament • Constantly at war with Spain and France. • Always need £, but how to get it?? • Usually Parliament would give Charles £ from taxes to fund his wars. • Periodically, Parliament would deny funds. • In return, Charles would dissolve Parliament and try to rule England without it  find funds in other ways. • Forced “loans,” selling aristocratic titles, etc.

13. Charles I

14. Problems continue… • 1628 Charles recalls Parliament- financial need • Money be given in return for Petition of Right • Petition of Right • Parliament’s consent for taxes • Imprison only with cause • No martial law in peacetime • No quartering of soldiers

15. Problems continue… • Petition accepted- not believed it would be followed • 1629 Result- Parliament dissolved (not called for 11 years) • King gained money through fines and fees (believed acts of treason) • Result: popularity declined

16. Charles I and Religion • Charles calls Parliament • Why? Needed resources for war • Response? Parliament refuses unless King addresses their demands • Results? King dissolves Parliament (Short Parliament)

17. Charles I and Religion • Charles forced to call Parliament for money to meet new threat • Long Parliament • Parliament limits Kings power- consent for taxes, Parliament meetings, Court of Star Chamber • Revolt in Ireland- $ for suppression • Parliament further divided

18. The “Long” Parliament • In session from 1640 to 1660.. • Triennial Act passed  Parliament must be called in session at least once every 3 yrs. • Parliament can’t be adjourned without its own consent! • Charles enters the House of Commons to end the session and arrest 5 MPs unsuccessful • Charles heads north to form an army!

19. English Civil War

20. English Civil War • The 2 sides: • Cavaliers- loyal to King (nobles, church officials) • Roundheads- Puritan townspeople, merchants • Cavaliers- experienced military, 75% of land • 1644 Oliver Cromwell takes control of Roundheads (believed they had God’s support)

21. Oliver Cromwell

22. English Civil War • Most people did NOT get involved in war • Destruction of war- people become more radical • 1646 Cromwell’s New Model Army defeated the King’s forces • Tried to disband army- job was done • Strongly radical Puritan, more radical than Parliament

23. English Civil War • Result: some Parliament members join up with king • Cromwell defeated them & took King captive • Cromwell and army march to London • 143 members/Scots of House of Commons expelled (Pride’s Purge) • Charles I tried & beheaded /Rump Parliament • First time Monarch tried with official execution

24. The Puritan Commonwealth [1649-1653] • Cromwell rules with the Rump Parliament. • Constitutional Republic • Created a constitution  Instrument of Government • An executive [Cromwell] • A Council of State  annually elected the committee of Parliament. • No monarch. • Europe is appalled  other nations don’t recognize it.

25. Rebels within a Rebellion: Levellers • John Lilburne was their leader. • The Agreement of the People was their political manifesto. • Abolish corruption within the Parliament &judicial process. • Toleration ofreligious differences. • Laws written inthe vernacular. • Universal suffrage as a “natural right.”

26. The Protectorate [1653-1660] • Cromwell tears up the ineffective Constitution. • Dismisses the Rump Parliament and rules with the support of the military. • Declares martial law. • Military dictator. • Religious tolerance for all [esp. for Jews], except for Catholics. • Crushes a rebellion in Scotland. • Crushes a rebellion among the Catholics of Ireland  kills 40% of all ethnic Irish!

27. Charles II and James II’s Rule Lead to the Glorious Revolution

28. Charles II and Restoration • Monarchy restored • Not a Divine Right Ruler (1600-1685) • Middle ground with religion • Religious freedom to Puritans and Catholics created problems with Parliament • Church of England- only legal religion

29. Charles II

30. Charles II and Restoration • 1679 Parliament passes “Habeas Corpus”- guarantees freedoms (right to trial) • No more arrests for opposition to monarch • Money and religion will ruin him (same as father and grandfather)

31. Charles II and Money • Not enough money from Parliament • Turns to Catholic King Louis XIV of France for money • Secret agreement: Charles would become Catholic in future

32. Charles II and Religion • People knew of Charles Catholic tendencies • NO HEIR (son)- brother James II (heir) was openly Catholic • Led to formation of political parties • Whigs- James’ opponents • Tories- James’ supporters

33. Great London Plague, 1665

34. Great London Fire, 1666

35. King Charles II [r. 1660-1685] • 1673  Test Act • Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from civilian and military positions.[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were considered “radicals” and the Catholics were seen as “traitors!”] • 1679  Habeas Corpus Act • Any unjustly imprisoned persons could obtain a writ of habeas corpus compelling the govt. to explain why he had lost his liberty.

36. James II • Divine Right Ruler- no consent from Parliament • Had Tories support until he appointed Catholics to high office • Violate laws passed by Restoration Parliament • Reaction: James dissolves Parliament and won’t call another

37. James II

38. Unhappy Protestants • 1687 James announces govt. posts open to Catholics and Protestants • 13,000 soldiers stationed outside London- change state religion to Catholicism • 1688 James had son- fear of Catholic line of kings (second wife)

39. Protestants’ Plan • Mary, daughter of first wife, married to William of Orange – invited to overthrow James II • They accepted • Nobody tried to stop William and troops • James left for France • Glorious Revolution (bloodless) • William and Mary recognized Parliament as leading partner in ruling

40. English Bill of Rights [1689] • It settled all of the major issues between King & Parliament. • It served as a model for the U. S. Bill of Rights. • It also formed a base for the steady expansion of civil liberties in the 18c and early 19c in England.

41. English Bill of Rights [1689] • Main provisions: • The King could not suspend the operation of laws. • The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of justice. • No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime without Parliament’s consent. • Freedom of speech in Parliament. • Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently. • Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment. • The monarch must be a Protestant. • Freedom from arbitrary arrest. • Censorship of the press was dropped. • Religious toleration.

42. Growth of Parliament’s Power

43. Parliament is Strengthened • Puritans offended by Elizabeth • Active in politics: House of Commons spoke up • Stepped up more with rule of Charles II (not Divine Right ruler) • Got involved over successor of James II • Went to William and Mary: around power of king

44. Under William and Mary • 1689 Parliament drafts Bill of Rights • Things ruler could NOT do • Parliament had certain rights: • Laws could not be suspended • Approval of taxes • Freedom of speech • No standing army • No excessive bail

45. British Government

46. Great Britain • Ireland • Scotland • Wales • England

47. Constitutional Monarchy

48. Constitutional Monarchy • Began – 1688 Glorious Rev. • Most Progressive • Ruler limited by law • Monarch needed Parliament’s consent • Parliament needed monarch’s consent

49. Previous Limits • 1215 Magna Carta • King John limits king’s power • English Bill of Rights • Secured Constitutional Monarchy

50. Parliament