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  1. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com Four Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control by Using Arduino G. Tejaswi1, SK. Baji2, D. Suresh Kumar2, K. Lenin2, M. Santhosh kumar2, M. Kalyani2 1Associate Professor Department of EEE, Sree Vahini Institute of Science & Technology, Tiruvuru, A.P 2,3,4,5UG Student, Department of EEE, SVIST, Tiruvuru, A.P --------------------------------------------------------------*****************------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT The goal of this project is to build a four-quadrant DC motor speed control system. The motor has four quadrants of operation: clockwise, counter clockwise, forward brake, and reverse brake. It also features a speed control function. The DC motor's four-quadrant operation is best suited for industries where motors are used based on needs. They can rotate in both clockwise and counter clockwise directions, and brakes can be applied simultaneously in both directions. When performing a certain activity in an industrial plant, the motor must be stopped instantly. In this situation, the proposed system is ideal because it includes both forward and reverse brakes. Instantaneous braking in both directions is performed by briefly applying a reverse voltage across the running motor, and the motor's speed may be controlled using PWM pulses provided by the Arduino Board. This operation is performed using an Arduino Microcontroller Board. The motor is controlled by push buttons that are connected to the Arduino, which receives an input signal and regulates the speed of the motor with a motor driver IC. This project also has a speed control option with a push-button operation. Keywords: DC motor, Arduino, L293D Motor driver IC, Speed control, PWM I. INTRODUCTION DC machines are extremely important in both industry and everyday life. DC machines have the distinct advantage of having easily adjustable properties. The goal of this study is to use Arduino to create a four-quadrant speed control system for a DC motor. The notion of four quadrant speed control of a dc motor, i.e., clockwise motion, anticlockwise motion, instantaneous forward braking, and immediate reverse braking, has been introduced in this work using Arduino and a motor driver (L293D). The same application is used to control the rudder of an aeroplane, an electric bicycle, or an electric car, among other things. A stationary magnet and revolving coils make up the motor. The brushes provide power to the coil located near the motor magnet pole pieces. The rotor rotates, and the polarity of each coil is reversed, and the motor rotates continuously. The rotational direction. Brush polarity affects the outcome. The torque applied to the rotor is determined by the current going through it through the tangles The constant speed is determined by the current flowing through the coils as well as the load. The motor is driving the vehicle. II. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION The block diagram of the proposed circuit as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1. Block Diagram of Four Quadrant DC Motor Speed Control by Using Arduino IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3016

  2. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com The circuit is powered by an ordinary power supply consisting of a step-down transformer from 230V to 12V and four diodes forming a bridge rectifier that converts uncontrolled pulsing DC to a steady 5V DC. The Arduino and motor driver IC are linked to the 5V output of the power source. The Arduino receives control via the switch array, which is then passed on to the motor driver IC, which controls the DC motor's speed. A. POWER SUPPLY A Breadboard Power Supply Module takes a barrel jack input from a battery, a 12V adaptor, or any other source and gives a 5V or 3.3V voltage to our circuit, according on our demands. We'll be incorporating Arduino into our circuits shortly, and all of our Arduino circuits will be compatible with those voltage levels. B.ARDUINO Arduino is an open-source electronics platform that uses simple hardware and software to make it easy to use. Arduino boards can take inputs - such as light from a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and convert them to outputs - such as turning on an LED, triggering a motor, or publishing anything online. Fig. 2 Arduino uno Table 1 Specifications of Arduino Microcontroller ATmega328 Operating Voltage 5V Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) Analog Input Pins 6 DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader Flash Memory IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3017

  3. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328) EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328) Clock Speed 16 MHz C. L293D IC Fig.3 L293D The L293D is a 16-pin IC with eight pins dedicated to operating a motor on each side. Each motor has two INPUT pins, two OUTPUT pins, and one ENABLE pin. L293D is made up of two H-bridges. The H-bridge is the most basic circuit for controlling a motor with a low current rating. Table.2 Pin description of l293D Pin No Function 1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high 2 Input 1 for Motor 1 3 Output 1 for Motor 1 4 Ground (0V) 5 Ground (0V) 6 Output 2 for Motor 1 7 Input 2 for Motor 1 8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) 9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high 10 Input 1 for Motor 1 11 Output 1 for Motor 1 12 Ground (0V) 13 Ground (0V) 14 Output 2 for Motor 1 15 Input2 for Motor 1 16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V) D.PWM Name Enable 1,2 Input 1 Output 1 Ground Ground Output 2 Input 2 Vcc 2 Enable 3,4 Input 3 Output 3 Ground Ground Output 4 Input 4 Vcc 1 PWM (pulse width modulation) is a modulation technique for representing the amplitude of an analogue input signal by generating variable-width pulses. For a high-amplitude signal, the output switching transistor is on more of the time, and for a low-amplitude signal, it is off more of the time. IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3018

  4. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com E. DC MOTOR Any rotary electrical motor that converts direct current (DC) electrical energy into mechanical energy is referred to as a DC motor. The most common varieties rely on magnetic fields to produce forces. Almost all DC motors contain an internal mechanism, either electromechanical or electronic, that changes the direction of current in a section of the motor on a regular basis.Because they could be supplied by existing direct-current lighting power distribution networks, DC motors were the first type of motor to become widely employed. The speed of a DC motor can be varied across a large range by varying the supply voltage or adjusting the current intensity in the field windings. Tools, toys, and appliances all employ small DC motors. The universal motor is capable of performing a variety of tasks. Fig. 4 DC Motor F. 16X2 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) A 16x2 LCD can display 16 characters per line on each of its two lines. Each character is presented in a 5x7 pixel matrix on this LCD. The 224 distinct characters and symbols can be displayed on the 16 x 2 intelligent alphanumeric dot matrix display. Command and Data are the two registers on this LCD. Fig.5 LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) III. Hardware Setup & Results The practical implementation of the DC motor's four quadrant control. The hardware was designed and the operation was performed out using an Arduino for four quadrant operation of the DC motor. The speed was also controlled using the PWM method, which applied an instantaneous brake to the motor. The circuit gives a 230V ac supply to the project model. The primary of the transformer receives a 230V supply and outputs 12V. The 12V ac power is delivered into a bridge rectifier, which converts it to 12V dc. This 12V dc is supplied into a voltage regulator that outputs 5V dc. The Arduino and motor driver IC are connected to the 5V output of the power supply. The Arduino generates a control signal from the switch array, which is then transmitted on to the motor driver IC, which controls the DC motor's speed. Fig. 9 Hardware Setup IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3019

  5. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com Table.3 working details S. No Key Name Operation To increase the speed in steps To decrease the speed 1 Increment key 2 Decrement key 3 Clockwise key To change the direction to clockwise 4 Anti-clockwise key To change the direction to Anti- clockwise The following procedures are carried out for the four quadrant.DC motor speed control operation using microcontroller. starts rotating in full speed being driven by a motor driver IC L293D that receives control signal continuously from the microcontroller. When clockwise switch is pressed the motor rotates in forward direction as per the logic provided by the programfrom the microcontroller to the motor driver IC.While forward brake is pressed a reverse voltage is applied to the motor.witch is pressed the microcontrollerdeliversa logic to the motor driver IC that develops for very small time a reverse voltage. V. CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE Conclusion The hardware for four quadrant DC motor speed control using microcontroller is designed. The prototype hardware model for the four quadrant DC motor speed control using microcontroller is designed. A simulated model has been developed by Proteus software and then result has been verified using a prototype hardware model. In the proposed model, the PWM technique has been used to control the speed of DC motor. By variation in duty cycle, applied voltage varies therefore the speed of DC motor can be controlled.The waveform of input pulse given to DC motor has been taken for different values of duty cycle and it has been observed that speed of DC motor is directly proportional to duty cycle, i.e. as the one time duty cycle increases the speed of DC motor also increases. The waveform of input pulse of DC motor has been taken for forward and reverse braking mode and it has been observed that the amplitude of waveform became high for very short duration and after that amplitude becomes zero. In the experimental result, it has been observed that some harmonics are occurring. It is due to different nonlinear electronic components such as diodes, transistors etc. Present in the prototype developed model. Future scope This project is practical and highly feasible in economic point of view and has an advantage of running motors of higher ratings. It gives a reliable, durable, accurate and efficient way of speed control of a DC motor. The program is found to be simple, efficient and the results with the designed hardware are promising. The developed control and power circuit functions properly and satisfies the application requirements. The motor is able to operate in all the four quadrants successfully. Regenerative braking is also achieved. Simulation and experimental results tally with each other and justify effectively the developed system. This project can be enhanced by using higher power electronic devices to operate high- capacity DC motors. REFERENCES [1] B.K Bose., Power electronics and motor drives recent technology advances, Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics,IEEE, 2002, pp 22-25. Devika R. Yengalwar, Samiksha S. Zade, Dinesh L. Mute “Four Quadrant Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Chopper” International Journal Of Reaseach Engineering Sciences & Research Technology,vol. 4 issue 2: February, 2015, ISSN: 2277-9655,pp 401-406. “DS1103 PPC Controller Board”, Germany: dSPACE, July 2008. Janice Gillispie Mazidi. “Books on [2] [3] [4] IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3020

  6. International Journal of All Research Education and Scientific Methods (IJARESM), ISSN: 2455-6211 Volume 10, Issue 5, May-2022, Impact Factor: 7.429, Available online at: www.ijaresm.com Microcontroller: 8051 microcontroller and embedded systems” Maiocchi.G., “Books on DC motors: Driving DC Motors “BL.Theraja. “DC Motors and drives “ Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi, “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Prentice Hall Publication”. Shruti Shrivastava1, Jageshwar Rawat2, Amit Agrawal “Controlling DC Motor using Microcontroller (PIC16F72) with PWM” International Journal of Engineering Research (ISSN : 2319-6890),Volume No.1, Issue No.2, pp : 45- 47 01 Dec. 2012. International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research (IJMTER) Volume 04, Issue 3, [March– 2017] ISSN (Online):2349–9745; ISSN (Print):2393-8161 @IJMTER-2017, All rights Reserved 123 S.M.Rangdal1, Prof. G.P.Jain2 “Speed Control Of Dc Motor Using Microcontroller” International Journal of Advanced Technology in Engineering and Science www.ijates.com Volume No.02, Issue No. 12, December 2014 ISSN (online): 2348 – 7550. Snehlata Sanjay Thakare and Prof. Santosh Kompelli “Design and implementation of dc motor speed control based on pic microcontroller” International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science ISSN: 2319-7242, Volume - 3 Issue -9 September, 2014 Page No. 8075-8079. [10]Valter Quercioli., “Books on PWM technique: Pulse Width Modulated Power supplies”. [11]Y. S. E. Ali, S. B. M. Noor, S. M. Uashi and M. K Hassan” Microcontroller Performance for DC Motor Speed Control” O-7803-8208,2003 IEEE [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] IJARESM Publication, India >>>> www.ijaresm.com Page 3021

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