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Cells (part 1): Animal Cells

Learning Outcomes<br>Students should be able to:<br>- identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells from diagrams,<br>photomicrographs and as seen under the light microscope using prepared slides and fresh<br>material treated with an appropriate temporary staining technique:<br>- identify the following membrane systems and organelles from diagrams and electron micrographs:<br>u2022 endoplasmic reticulum<br>u2022 mitochondria<br>u2022 Golgi body<br>u2022 ribosomes<br>- state the functions of the membrane systems and organelles identified above

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Cells (part 1): Animal Cells

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  1. Cells: the building block of life Chapter 2

  2. Cells • are the building blocks of life • simplest units that have all the characteristics of life • Many chemical reactions occur continually inside your cells to keep you alive - it takes in raw materials - it processes these materials to make new molecules - these molecules can either be used by the cell itself or transported to other parts of the body

  3. Microscopes 1. Light microscope - 1000 x magnification 2. Electron microscope - 200, 000 x magnification Fitting a camera on either microscopes enable us to take micrographs i) light micrograph → colour images ii) electron micrograph → black-white images; artificially colourised •

  4. Introduction to organisms Picture of an amoeba Picture of a paramecium Both of them are called unicellular organisms. Why?

  5. How many cells do you think you have in your body? Humans have about 10 - 100 trillion cells in one body alone!

  6. Introduction Organisms can be Unicellular (single cell) Multicellular (made up of more than one cell) example example amoeba human being bacterium balsam plant paramecium

  7. Animal Cell Components

  8. Lesson objectives • Name the different components of an animal cell • Describe the function of each part

  9. Generalised Animal Cell Generalised Animal Cell 1. centriole 13. 12. 2. 11. 3. 4. 10. Nuclear envelope 5. free ribosomes 9. 6. 8. 7.

  10. Worksheet: Label the animal cells

  11. Generalised Animal Cell Generalised Animal Cell 1. centriole 13. 12. 2. 11. 3. 4. 10. Nuclear envelope 5. free ribosomes 9. 6. 8. 7.

  12. Structure and function of animal cell components

  13. Function of plasma membrane/ cell membrane • Partially permeable membrane • Regulates movement of materials in and out of the cell • Only small molecules are able to be exchanged

  14. Small,spherical structure Responsible for cell Reproduction. Nucleus Nucleus contains Chromatin which Is made up of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) which contain hereditary information Nuclear membrane Nucleolus Nucleoplasm - fluid mainly composed of water, ions and soluble molecules

  15. Function of the nucleus 1. Controls all cell activities e.g. cell growth and repair of worn-out parts 2. Is essential for cell division. Cells without a nucleus (e.g. RBCs) have a short lifespan and are unable to divide.

  16. Function of chromatin (1) 1. Network of long thread-like structures found within the nucleus that controls the activities of the cell e.g. cell division 2. Each chromatin thread is made up of proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Hereditary information is stored in DNA. DNA contains instructions that a cell needs to carry out all the chemical reactions within itself

  17. Function of chromatin (2) 3. When the cell is dividing, chromatin thread condense and become chromosomes (highly coiled structures)

  18. Protoplasm • protoplasm refers to all substances and objects contained inside the cell membrane • The protoplasm, therefore, includes the organelles, nucleus, and fluid inside the cell

  19. Function of cytoplasm • The protoplasm of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus (The cytoplasm refers to all the structures outside the nucleus but inside the cell membrane) • where most chemical reactions take place • contains enzymes and organelles e.g. mitochondria and centrioles contains nucleoplasm

  20. Cytoplasm Forms larger part of animal cell surrounds nucleus Mitochondria Releases energy for vital Cell activities Vacuoles Space filled with fluids May contain water & food substances

  21. Parts of the cytoplasm • Consist of 1. organelles e.g. mitochondria and vacuoles 2. endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - rough ER - smooth ER

  22. Rough ER (RER) • Rough appearance due to ribosomes (small round structures) attached on the outer surface • Ribosomes are either i) attached to the membrane of the RER → make proteins that are usually transported out of the cell ii) lie freely in the cytoplasm (called free ribosomes) → makes proteins that are used within the cytoplasm of the cell • RER is continuous with the nuclear envelope • RER transports proteins made by ribosomes to the Golgi apparatus for secretion out of the cell

  23. Smooth ER (SER) does not have ribosomes attached to its membrane more tubular than RER it is connected to the RER • • • Function(s) of the SER 1. Synthesizes fats and steroids e.g. sex hormones 2. Detoxification i.e. converts harmful substances into harmless materials

  24. Golgi apparatus is shaped like a disc consists of flattened spaces surrounded by membranes (cisternae) Vesicles can be seen fusing with one side of the Golgi apparatus and pinching off from the opposite side • • • Function(s) of the Golgi apparatus 1. Stores and modifies substances made by the ER 2. Packages these substances in vesicles for secretion out of the cell http://www.johnkyrk.com/CellIndex.swf

  25. Quiz 1 Nucleus 2 Nuclear pore 3 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) 5 Ribosome on the rough ER 6 Proteins that are transported 7 Transport vesicle 8 Golgi apparatus 9 Cis face of the Golgi apparatus 10 Trans face of the Golgi apparatus 11 Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

  26. Function of vacuoles • Contains air, liquid or food particle • Acts as a storage of food • Small but many in numbers inside animal cells • Membrane enclosing vacuole = tonoplast

  27. Function of mitochondria • Energy release during cell respiration

  28. Centrioles (only found in animal cells) • Play a part in cell division • Absent in most plants Note: • Centrioles are not visible under a light microscope • Centrioles are visible under an electron microscope

  29. Lysosomes • Derived from the Greek words lysis, which means dissolution or destruction, and soma, which means body • spherical organelles that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases) • are found in animal cells, while in yeast and plants the same roles are performed by lytic vacuoles • are created by the addition of hydrolytic enzymes to early endosomes (membrane-bound compartments a.k.a. vesicles) from the Golgi apparatus Function Lysosomes digest 1excess or2worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

  30. Lets recap Animal cells consist of cell membrane cytoplasm vacuoles nucleus chromosomes functions as a function is to functions as a function is to function is to •partially permeable membrane to control movement of material in and out of the cell •storage of food •control all the chemical reactions inside the cell •determine the characteristics of the organism •fills the cell and allow chemical reactions to take place mitochondria centrioles Energy release during cell respiration cell division

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