Logic-level outputs can’t drive a motor directly. Solution: Relays

3. Logic-level outputs can’t drive a motor directly. • Solution: Relays • Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit • isolates circuit from potentially dangerous voltages

4. Main types of relays • Reed Relay • General Purpose Relay • Solid State Relay • Transistor

5. Advantages • little power to energize • Quiet • Disadvantages • Can’t control large loads • Contacts can weld together

6. Advantages • Can handle very large loads • Control multiple contacts • Disadvantages • Physically large • Mechanical failure

7. Advantages • Fast switching • Silent • Disadvantages • Higher cost • Heat production

8. Advantages • Fast switching • Silent • Low power/current • Disadvantages • DC only • Small currents

10. Lead Screw Pneumatic Mechanical

11. Mechanical • Converts rotary motion of a knob or handle into linear displacement via screw or gears • Pneumatic / Hydraulic • Compressed air moves a piston inside the cylinder which moves the actuator directly. • Lead Screw • Converts rotary motion via motor into linear displacement. A lead screw with helical threads machined on its circumference rotates, while a nut with corresponding helical threads moves the actuator linearly.

13. Advantages • No fossil fuels • Noise reduction • Wide range of sizes • Fewer components • Disadvantages • Less powerful • Battery limitations Uses electrical energy to produce mechanical work Commonly used in refrigerators, washing machines, fans, pumps, and computer equipment

14. Types AC Induction AC Synchronous Stepper DC Brush DC Brushless DC

15. Transforms mechanical energy into electrical energy • Sources of mechanical energy include • Combustion Engines • Compressed Gas • Steam/Gas Turbines • Solar and Wind