Imperialism

1. Imperialism

2. Growth of Imperialism • As the development of the United States formed into a industrial powerhouse, many Americans thought it was time to strengthen their ties to other nations • Many wanted to make the United States a world power • European nations were expanding overseas; which known as New Imperialism • Imperialism- stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations, economically, politically, culturally, and militarily

3. Imperialism growth • Competition among European nations for large empires was result of nationalism- devotion to one’s nation • Nation’s people believe themselves, their ideals, and their goals to be superior to those of other nations • Great Britain, France, and Russia began to expand their grip over land • Competition for new territory became more intense • This made U.S. even more eager to join competition for new land

4. Expansion in the Pacific • Americans began looking for new markets overseas, toward East Asia • U.S. believed they would benefit from trade with Japan; President Franklin Pierce decided to force Japan to trade with U.S. • Matthew Perry, led the American ships to Japan to help develop a trade treaty • After Japan saw the modern American technology and firepower of the ships, they knew they would not compete against this, so Japan signed a treaty opening ports to American trade • Because of this action, Japan now began to develop their own modern navy, technology, and industrialization

5. Annexing Hawaii • Trade with China and Japan increased, so Americans favored having ports in Pacific Ocean • Pago Pago in South Pacific was where the U.S. opened its first naval base • Severe recession struck Hawaii, and Hawaiians might need to rely on British or French for help, so U.S. Senate ratified a trade treaty that exempted (release) Hawaiian sugar from tariffs • This treaty came up for renewal, so Senate insisted on Hawaiians to grant the U.S. exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor • Treaty increased sugar industry and wealth for planters in Hawaii • This lead to developing a new constitution that limited the king’s power and increase planters power

6. Annexing Hawaii • Congress passed McKinley Tariff; it eliminated all duties on sugar • Now sugar was very expensive in Hawaii, so the sales went down • Leading Hawaii in a bad economic situation • Queen Liliuokalani (Hawaiian throne), did not like the American influence • She attempted to impose a new constitution that would regain her authority as ruler of Hawaiian people • Attempting to restore Liliuokalani power, the new leaders refused and waited for a new president to take office who favored annexation • U.S. eventually annexed Hawaii

7. Modern Navy • Americans became more willing to risk war in defense of American interest overseas, so they began building a large modern navy • Alfred Mahan, officer in the U.S. Navy, published book called The Influence of Sea Power Upon History • His book described about how countries built large ships in order to trade with the world and the importance of having a large navy to protect its ships and defend their rights to trade with other countries • Argued that U.S. needs to acquire territory for naval bases overseas • His book helped to build support for a large navy

8. Cuban Rebellion • Cuba was island nation off the coast of Florida • Cuba was a Spanish colony; who were fighting for independence from Spain • Americans had supported the Cubans; which would eventually lead the U.S. and Spain at war • Cubans used guerrilla war (type of warfare fought by irregulars in fast-moving, small-scale actions) against Spain • Cuba and U.S. had close economic ties, until the U.S. imposed a new tariff- on sugar, so it could protect its economy from foreign competitors • This caused economic damage to Cuba

9. Americans support Cuba • When uprising in Cuba started, President Grover Cleveland declared the U.S. neutral (not taking part in war) • During this, two of the nations major newspapers came out • New York journal by William Randolph Hearst • New York World by Joseph Pulitzer • Journal explained how Spanish were feeding Cuban prisoners to sharks and dogs • World explained that Cuba was a place of blood in fields, doorsteps, and roadsides • This kind of reporting, which writers exaggerate or make up stories to attract readers is yellow journalism

10. Americans support Cuba • Spanish troops invaded the island to put down the rebellion • In response, Cubans burned plantations, tore up railroads, etc. • Cubans hoped that due to their destruction they caused and knowing Americans helped to build their island, this would lead Americans to a possible war • To Prevent Cuban villagers from helping the rebels, Spanish General forced thousands of women, children, and men into reconcentration camps • People died of starvation and disease

11. Calling Out for war • Spain offered the Cubans autonomy- which is the right to their own government, but only if Cuba remained part of the Spanish empire. • The Cuban refused to negotiate, they wanted full independence. • McKinley, worried for American citizens in Cuba, sent the battleship Maine to Havana in case the Americans had to be evacuated. • The Maine exploded in the Havana harbor

12. “Remember the Maine!!” • Filled with JINGOISM- or attitude of aggressive nationalism, Americans cried for war with Spain. • Many criticized McKinley for not acting against Spain. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Theodore Roosevelt raged that he had “No more backbone than a chocolate éclair”. • Both Democrats and Republicans demanded war. On April 11 McKinley asked Congress to authorize the use of force to end the conflict in Cuba. • On April 24, Spain declared war on the United States.

13. War Begins • The Spanish were not ready for war. • The US navy’s North Atlantic Squadron blockaded Cuba, and the American fleet was ordered to attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. • The Philippines was a Spanish Colony • George Dewey quickly destroyed Spanish warships in the Philippines, and also captured the Spanish island of Guam • Tensions were high between the Filipinos and Americans who both wanted the war to be swift.

14. Navy vs. army • Mobilization of the American Army was very poorly conducted. • Among the American troops advancing toward Santiago Harbor was a volunteer cavalry unit known as Rough Riders. • Rough Riders was a mix of cowboys, miners and law officers. • On July 1st, American troops attacked the village of El Caney northeast of Santiago.

15. Cease Fire!! • Americans victory at El Caney, forced the Spanish fleet to leave • Soon after, the American troops occupied Puerto Rico. • August 12, 1898, Spain and the US agreed to a cease fire. • Cuba gets freedom, we got to annex Guam and Puerto Rico. • The Treaty of Paris was signed Dec 10, 1898 and the United States paid 20million for the Philippines.

16. review • When Spain offered Cuba autonomy, and Cuba had to remain part of the Spanish empire, Cuba refused to negotiate because they wanted what? • A volunteer cavalry, a mix of cowboys, miners and law officers are called what? • The Treaty of Paris was signed Dec 10, 1898 and the United States paid 20million for?

17. Now what to do? (Philippines) • With newly acquired lands, the question stood, how do we govern them. • the Filipino leaders took the annexation as “violent and aggressive”. He ordered his troops to attack the American soldiers. • US governor of the islands, William Howard Taft tried to win over Filipino people by reforming education, transportation and health care. • The United States did no grant independence to the Philippines until 1946

18. New Land contd • Foraker Act- made Puerto Rico an unincorporated territory, this meant that Puerto Ricans were not U.S. citizens and had no constitutional rights. • This act also stated that Congress could pass whatever laws it wanted for the island. • The debate of whether Puerto Rico should be a state still goes on today, however in 1917 the US made Puerto Ricans citizens.

19. Platt Amendment • Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, President McKinley took steps to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. He allowed the Cubans to prepare a new constitution for their country, but he attached certain conditions. • 1-Cuba could not make any treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence or allow another foreign power to gain territory • 2- naval stations in Cuba • 3- Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment • 4- the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order

20. Review • How did the Filipino leader take the annexation? • During the Foraker Act, unincorporated territory meant what? • Could congress pass any law they wanted under this act? • Did the U.S. eventually make Puerto Ricans citizens? • In Platt Amendment- Cuba was given constitutional rights, but had to be remained tied to who?

21. Election of 1900 • McKinley against William Bryan; which McKinley won and Theodore Roosevelt becomes vice president • During a public appearance in Buffalo, NY; a gunman named Leon fired at the president and died • Roosevelt at age 42 was the youngest person to become president • He had been chosen as McKinley’s running mate because Republicans knew of his heroic war records would be a great asset • Roosevelt had a lot of energy and enthusiasm; which people have rarely seen in office before. He refused to sit around and was always thinking of ways to make the country better • He believed the U.S. had a duty to shape the less civilized, and intended to make the country a world power

22. Review • What could be some factors that a country would need to have or have developed to help them become a world power?

23. Open door policy • China’s huge population and markets become very important to American trade • Besides America, Russia, Germany, Britain, France, and Japan were seeking spheres of influence- area of economic and political control • McKinley sent notes to European powers, persuading them to keep an “open door” to China • He wanted to ensure through his Open Door Policy- free trade between all areas of China controlled by foreign states (the UK, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, and Japan). The policy sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the U.S. At the same time, it defined the US economic and political interest in China.

24. Panama Canal • Spanish-American War brought the Americans a need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans • Building a canal across Central America would link the two oceans, making shipping faster and cheaper • It allowed the U.S. Navy to move faster from one ocean to another during war • A French company began digging a canal through Panama; but it had abandoned its efforts because of bankruptcy and loss of workers due to disease • Although Panama was still part of Colombia, American Secretary of State Hay offered Colombia $10 million for right to construct the canal and control a narrow strip of land on side of it • Colombia thought the price was too low and afraid of losing control of Panama, they refused offer

26. Reaction to the canal • Due to Panama’s people fearing of losing the benefits of the canal, and among other tensions facing the canal issue • Panama officials decided that the only way to ensure the canal would be built was to declare independence and make their own deal with the U.S. • Small uprising in Panama began, which lead the U.S. to recognize Panama’s independence • Two nations signed a treaty allowing the canal to be built • Protesters in the U.S. claimed that Roosevelt’s actions of this was unjustifiable aggression • He responded with the fact that by building the canal helped to shorten the distance between the Atlantic and Pacific by 8,000 miles

27. Roosevelt corollary • “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far”. He viewed the “big stick” as the U.S. Navy • Roosevelt denied the U.S. of wanting more territory • U.S. wanted to see neighboring countries stable and orderly • Only if countries engage in harmful interest of the U.S. then the United States would be forced to exercise international power • U.S. would intervene to prevent intervention from other powers • The U.S. would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability • Under Roosevelt, the U.S. intervention in Latin America became common; which angered Latin Americans • Congress was mad also because Roosevelt’s president powers strengthen while weakening Congress

28. review • Free trade between all areas of China controlled by foreign states is called what? • Having the Panama canal, what advantages did it give the U.S. Navy • Did Colombia accept or refuse the offer of Panama?

29. Taft &dollar diplomacy • William Taft elected as President was not aggressive as Roosevelt in pursuing foreign policy • His policy focused on substituting dollars for bullets • Maintaining orderly societies through increased American investment in foreign economics, he did this through dollar diplomacy • It had increased the level of U.S. financial involvement abroad • This had caused enemies in Latin America; mainly in the Caribbean and Central America, where they did not like American influence • In the end the U.S. had reached a international power under Roosevelt and Taft

30. Anti-imperialists • Opponents of U.S. policy in the Philippines formed a Anti-Imperialist League • They had asserted a rejection of the nation's foundation of “liberty for all” • Argued that people in land controlled by the U.S. should be entitled to the same rights in the Constitution as U.S. citizens • They thought imperialism threatened the nation’s democratic foundations • Believed racism played a role in the work of imperialism

31. Imperialism success • Imperialism had offered a new kind of frontier for American expansion • Some believe this was a celebration of American tradition and creative spirit • There was a agreement with economics for America; the need to gain access to foreign markets • Roosevelt sent U.S. Navy on a cruise around the world • Trip was to demonstrate the nation’s impressive naval power to other nations • Great White Fleet- gleaming white ships made a big impression anywhere it sailed • Showed the benefits of having a powerful navy

32. review • Was William Taft as aggressive as Roosevelt was when it came down to developing policies for the nation? • Did the Latin Americans like the American financial involvement? • Were the Anti-Imperialist favoring policies of the United States or against them? • Anti-imperialist argued that people who are in land that is controlled by the United States should be entitled to what?

33. Why it matters? • As industrialization changed America, cities were crowded with new immigrants, work conditions were bad, and political system was breaking down • Due to factors such as these, a progressive movement developed • This progressive movement had a desire to change both political and social reforms and a desire for significant success in the local, state, and national levels National Local State Political Social

34. What was Progressivism • This period was not a political movement with a specific set of reform, instead it was a set of different ideas and activities • Many different views about how to fix problems they believed existed in American society • Believed that industrialism had led to many social problems • Thought the government should take a more active role in solving society’s problems • This group belonged to major political parties and were educated middle class Americans • Journalists, social workers, educators, and politicians

35. Beginning of Progressivism • Progressivism was reaction against laissez-faire economics • After observing poverty levels of working class and crime of society, reformers concluded that the government needs to be fixed before it can be used to fix any problems • Reason to believe there was a way to improve society was the strong faith in science and technology that had been developed • This was one way to help produce solutions for the American society

36. Muckrakers • Journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption • Their goals were to uncover corrupt and scandal information • Major magazines at this time were called the McClure’s, Collier’s, and Munsey’s • All these magazines focused on different situations such as unfair practice of large American corporations, corruption with government, and social problems such as poverty, disease, and crime that has developed through society • Popular magazine was McClure’s; which was articles critical of the Standard Oil Company

37. Electing officials • One major goal of progressivism was to make elected officials more responsive to voters • Robert La Follette- Republican governor who wanted to change how political parties ran their conventions • He demanded the idea of a direct primary- all party member could vote for a candidate to run in a general election. • Party members who want to run, have their names placed on the ballot, allowing voters to vote directly for the candidates of their choice • This had influenced other states to push for new reforms • Initiative- allowed a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required legislature to vote on it • Referendum- allowed legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval • Recall- allowed voters to demand special election to remove an official from office before their term was over

38. review • Was Progressivism a set of many different ideas and reforms or a single idea? • One way to improve the society was a strong faith in what? • Journalist who focused on uncovering corrupt and scandal information; were known as what? • What is a direct primary? • Allowing legislation to be submitted to the voters for approval is called what?

39. Election of Senators • At first the U.S. Constitution directed each state legislature to elect 2 senators from that state • Political machines and trust would influence election of senators; who repaid their supporters with contracts and jobs • Therefore; the progressives called for direct elections of senators by all state voters • In 1913, an amendment was ratified becoming the 17th Amendment to the Constitution • 17th Amendment: Established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote

40. Socialists • This era saw a rise in socialism, favoring public or government control of property and income • Socialists wanted to end capitalist system, distribute wealth more equally, and have government ownership of American industry • Union members hoped to change the way the economy was organized • They hoped their goals would go through a ballot box • Formed Socialist Party of America • Progressives did not support the political changes, they did not want to lose the high standard of living and liberties that democracy has gave them • They wanted to free government of corruption and focus energy towards welfare of workers and the poor

41. Suffrage Movement • Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Mott developed first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls, NY • Movement for women’s voting rights became known as the suffrage movement • Debate over 14th and 15th Amendment split the suffrage movement into two groups: • 1. National Women Suffrage Association by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. Anthony 2. American Women Suffrage Association by Lucy Stone and Julia Howe • Their goals focused on passing a constitutional amendment and a way to convince state government to give women right to vote before trying to amend the Constitution • All their attempts failed, and very few states gave women the right to vote

42. review • The 17th Amendment helped to establish what? • Distribute wealth equally and have government ownership of American industry were called the Progressives or Socialists? • The suffrage movement had to do with what issue?

43. Building support for Women • 2 groups united to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association • They needed votes to promote social reforms they favored and to ensure labor laws protecting women • Suffragist marched in Washington D.C. to draw attention to their cause • Alice Paul- Quaker, lead this march, and wanted to use protest to force President Wilson to take action • Carrie Chapman Catt- she developed a “winning plan”, to mobilize the suffrage nation-wide • She had pushed the Suffrage Association behind Wilson’s election; which tried to attract for more support to give women the rights to vote • 19th Amendment- Passed the women suffrage amendment, giving women the right to vote

44. Social Welfare • Claim against child labor • 1.7 million children under the age of 16 worked outside the home • Reformers developed a National Child Labor Committee to help abolish child labor • The Bitter Cry of the Children was a book that described the labor conditions; boys at age 9 were working with coal, and bent their backs and crippled their hands • Reports likes these started to develop laws that would set a minimum age for working and maximum hours children could work • Also requiring young children to be in school and not at work

45. Health & Safety Codes • Factories, coal mines, and railroads led New York to pass strict building codes dealing with unsafe working conditions • Many got injured on the job and got no compensation for this • Progressives worked to develop compensation laws; which helped to provide medical care for employees who are injured in the course of employment • Zoning laws developed to protect the public • This divided a tow/city into zones for commercial, residential, by regulating how land and buildings could be used • Building codes and health codes were developed to maintain a safe environment for workers

46. Prohibition Movement • Workers did not like the effects of drinking on families, scarce wages were spent on alcohol, and even led to physical abuse and sickness • Temperance movement began • Prohibition laws started- laws banning the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol • 18th Amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, transport, import, or export of alcoholic beverages

47. review • The 19th Amendment passed what? • The child labor laws set requirements such as what? • What is the law called that provides medical care for employees who are injured in the course of employment? • Building codes and health codes were developed to what? • 18th amendment prohibited the manufacture of what product?

48. “SQUare deal” • Under Roosevelt • United Mine Workers union called a strike to protest low wages, reduction in working hours, and recognition • Mine owners refused to talk to the union, so Roosevelt intervened • To resolve this, arbitration- third party decides on a legal binding solution; impose by a outside party • This granted miners a 10% raise and reduced workday • Roosevelt called this square deal for both sides in the coal strike, this phrase became a slogan during his term in office

49. Hepburn act • Roosevelt progressive goal: • Strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission; giving it strong enforcement powers to set railroad rates • Goal: regulation of the railroads • Railroads began working with the ICC to set rates/regulations that limited competition and prevent new competitors from entering the industry

50. Meat inspection act/pure food & drug act • Documentation reports came out to the public with the concern of what kinds of preservatives are being used in the food people were eating; specially in meat • Observations of the slaughterhouses gave great description of many dangerous conditions dealing with the meatpacking industry • Roosevelt responded to this using the Meat Inspection Act • Required federal inspection of meat sold through interstate commerce and required the Agriculture Department to set standards of cleanliness in meatpacking plants • Pure Food and Drug Act- prohibited the manufacture, sale, of impure labeled food and drugs