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Imperialism

Imperialism. takeover of a country by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation (building an empire). Role of Industrial Revolution. Industrial economies and mass production created need for additional raw materials

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Imperialism

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  1. Imperialism takeover of a country by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation (building an empire)

  2. Role of Industrial Revolution • Industrial economies and mass production created need for additional raw materials • Industrial powers looked to other lands that were rich in raw materials to fulfill production needs • Industrialized nations have the technology (steam engine) to access far away lands • Also have superior weaponry to conquer people • Industrial powers also needed markets to sell finished goods • Colonies (conquered lands) provide lots of people to sell stuff to

  3. Forces enabling Imperialism • External= European’s technological superiority • Maxim gun-1st automatic “machine gun” • Steam Engine—Allowed Europeans to travel to and within colonized lands • Medical Advances-quinine protected Europeans from Malaria • Internal—Division among the groups of people in colonized lands • Africa – numerous tribal groups • India – Hindus vs. Muslims

  4. Justification: • Paternalism—people need to be watched over & taken care of with out individual rights • Social Darwinism—Darwin’s idea of “survival of the fittest” applied to social change • those who were fittest for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior • non-Europeans were less fit because of their lack of technology, religion, and government • thus Europeans had a right and duty to bring the results of progress to other countries • Racism—the idea that one race is superior to others • many Europeans believed that they were better than other peoples, in part because of their advanced technologies and Christianity

  5. Eras of Imperialism • Old Imperialism (1450-1750) • characterized by exploration, missionaries, and gold • Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) • characterized by inventions, progress, capitalism, class divisions, rise of middle class • New Imperialism (1850-1914) • took over much of Africa & Asia

  6. Causes of New Imperialism • nationalism—the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation, rather than to a king or empire • nations competed for colonies & trade • economic competition • demand for raw materials and new markets spurs search for colonies • missionary spirit • Europeans believes they must spread their Christian teachings to the world

  7. Effects of New Imperialism • colonization • Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asian, and Latin America • Colonial economics • Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economics • Christianization • Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia

  8. Different Forms of Control • Colony—ruled directly by that colonial power • U.S. & Canada to Britain • Sphere of influence—a claim for only exclusive trading privileges • Latin America to U.S. • Protectorate—country has its own gov’t, but does what imperial power wants • Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico to U.S. • Economic Imperialism—independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

  9. Imperial Management Methods • Direct Control • Driven by concept of paternalism…colonies were unfit to rule • Foreign officials brought in to rule • No self-rule • Goal: assimilation • Government institutions are based only on European style • Examples: • French colonies such as Somililand, Vietnam • German colonies in East Africa • Portuguese colonies such as Angola

  10. Imperial Management Methods • Indirect Control • Local government officials were used • Limited self-rule • Goal: to develop future leaders • Government institutions were based on European styles but may have local rules • Examples: • British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma • U.S. colonies on Pacific Islands

  11. Impact of Imperial Rule • Positive • reduced local warfare because of European military presence • humanitarian efforts improved sanitation and brought hospitals and schools in some colonies • economic expansion • railroads, dams, telegraph and telephone lines…really for Europeans business interests

  12. Impact of Imperial Rule • Negative • lost control of their land and independence • many died of new diseases such as smallpox • lost thousands of lives in resisting Europeans • famines resulted from the change to cash crops in place of subsistence farming • breakdown of traditional culture • dividing up of African continent has caused most lasting damage • long-term tribal rivalries were forced to unite • kinship groups were split apart

  13. Impact of Imperialism on “Mother Countries” • Mass Society – middle class becomes most influential • NEW ELITE – 5% of population • Controlled 30-40% of world’s wealth • Govt/military leaders & industrialists • MIDDLE CLASS – 15% of population • Upper M.C. – doctors, lawyers, small business owners, managers, architects, engineers • Lower M.C. – traders, some farmers, white collar workers  salesmen, secretaries, managers, etc • WORKING CLASS – 80% of population • Blue collar workers Domestic servants, factory workers, peasant farmers

  14. Values of the Middle Class dominate Western Society • 1. hard work • 2. Christian morality • 3. Victorian lifestyles – etiquette, manners • 4. Universal education – education necessary for new jobs created by Industrial Rev. & for participation in democratic govt • 1900 – most European adults (80-90%) were literate • Only 20% of Serbian/Russian adults could read

  15. Leisure • Read newspapers – gossip columns, crime, cartoons • Amusement parks – Coney Island (NY) • Dance halls • Organized sports teams – cricket, croquet, baseball, rugby, soccer • Spectator activities • Bicycle/automobile • Middle class & elites can afford to pay the increased costs of leisure activities

  16. Recall!!! • What were the justifications for imperialism? • What role did the Industrial Revolution have on Imperialism? • What were some of the forces that enabled imperialism to occur? • What were some causes/effects of imperialism? • What nations were major imperialists? • Compare/contrast direct & indirect control of colonies. • What were some positive/negative impacts of colonialism?

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