Islam & the Arab Empire

1. Islam & the Arab Empire Ch 3.1, p. 43

4. Ch 3.1 Vocab • Sheikh • Quran • Muslim • Bedouin • Allah • Islam • Hijrah • Hajj • Five Pillars of Islam • Shari’ah • Revelations • Submission

5. The Arab Empire 600 - 1400 Arabs arose in the Arabian Peninsulaandspread their influence throughout Western Asia and beyond. This is a desert area, Arabs were nomads who moved constantly to find food and water for their animals. Arabs organized in tribes to help one another because of the harsh environment. Each tribe was ruled by a sheikh, who was chosen by elders.

7. Arabian Trade • Arabs lived as farmers and herders near oases or on a small fertile area of the AP. • After domestication of the camel, trade expanded further into the desert. • Communities along trade routes began to prosper. Arabs became major carriers of goods along the Silk Road. The official language on the S.R. was Arabic.

9. Early Arabs were polytheisticBUT recognized a supreme god called Allah • Allah’s Black Stone (meteorite) is located in a sacred central shrine in Makkah called the Kaaba. • Arabian Peninsula routes are now more important because the usual trade routes are to dangerous. (fighting going on there) • So trade increases along AP and cities prosper from increase trade. BUT tensions begin to arise…Wealthy merchants start to show little concern for lower income groups and slaves.

10. Black Stone Shrine, The “Kaaba”located in Mecca (aka Makkah)

13. Mecca Cont’d.

16. Life of Muhammad • Born in Mecca -Orphaned at age 5 he was a caravan manager, married Khadija a rich widow • Troubled by gap between the generosity of most Makkans and the greediness of the wealthy elite. He heads to the hills to Meditate and receives revelations from God, through the angel Gabriel. Gabriel tells him to spread the word.

17. Shoulder buddy ???? According to Muslim belief, Muhammad received his revelations from God through who? Where was Muhammad born?

18. Muhammad believed he was the final prophet of Allah (Moses and Jesus were others). Revelations written down in the Quran-holy book of Islam. Islam = “peace through submission to the will of Allah” Muslims=one who has submitted. Quran contains ethical guidelines and laws by which followers of Allah are to live. They believe there is but 1 God, Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.

19. To Muslims, Allah is the same God that is worshiped in Christianity and Judaism. However, Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not as the Son of God. They regard the Qur'an as the word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad, in the same way the Jews and Christians believed the Torah and the Gospels were revealed to Moses and the New Testament writers.

20. Muslims believe that the Qur'an perfects the earlier revelations. To them, it is the final book, and Muhammad was the final prophet of God. All three religions believe in heaven and hell and a day of judgment.

21. Discouraged by persecution of his followers and Mecca’s rejection of his message he leaves for Madinah in 622 with only his closest followers (<30 ppl) This journey is called the Hijrah. • 622 became year 1 of the official Islam calendar still used today. Bedouins join. • Returns to Mecca 8 years later with….10,000 men, city surrenders-most convert. Muhammad declares Kaaba sacred site. Religious and political leader.

23. Five Pillars of Islam • Each slightly more complicated than listed below, but know the general idea…

24. For Muslims, carrying out Allah's will means following the Five Pillars of Islam. 1. Faith- belief that- "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." 2. Prayer Five times a day, Muslims face toward Mecca to pray.

25. 3. Alms - Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a responsibility to support the less fortunate. Alms is money for the poor through a special religious tax. 4. Fasting During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset. 5. Pilgrimage all Muslims who are physically and financially able perform the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once.

26. Islam is not just a religion but a way of life, after Muhammad's death Muslims developed a code of law =Shari’ah laws to regulate daily life. • Islam openly regulates business dealings, government, and moral conduct. • Followers are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol or be dishonest.

27. Shoulder Buddy ????? What is the journey to Mecca called? List the 5 pillars of Islam.

29. Islamic Law • Stresses the need to obey will of Allah and practice Five Pillars • Belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage • Islam is considered a way of life, not just a religion • Shari’ah (law) applies the Quran to everyday life • Regulates all aspects of life, NO separation of civil or political law

30. The Qur'an is written in Arabic, and Muslims consider only the Arabic version to be the true word of Allah. Only Arabic can be used in worship.

31. Popular World Religions • Islam, Christianity and Judaism are all monotheistic • Muslims believe that Allah revealed himself through Moses and Jesus but that Allah’s final revelations came through Muhammad. • Muhammad is not “divine” to Muslims, just a prophet • BUT Christians believe Jesus to be divine. • Moses is a key prophet in all three faiths, but is critically important in Judaism.

33. Shoulder Buddy Q’s: • What is the code of Islamic law which also regulates everyday life? • According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received revelations from communication with whom?

34. Ch 3.1 Shoulder Buddy Q’s • What is the code of Islamic law which also regulates everyday life? • Shari’ah • According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad received revelations from communication with whom? • Gabriel • List the Five Pillars of Islam. • Belief, prayer, charity, fasting, and pilgrimage

35. Hot Sauce • What is the significance of Shari’ah in the lives of Muslims? • Why did communities on the Arabian Peninsula prosper economically? • What was the significance of Gabriel’s messages to Muhammad according to Islamic teachings?

36. According to the Sharia law: •  Theft is punishable by amputation of the right hand (above).•  Criticizing or denying any part of the Quran is punishable by death.•  Criticizing or denying Muhammad is a prophet is punishable by death.•  Criticizing or denying Allah, the moon god of Islam is punishable by death.•  A Muslim who becomes a non-Muslim is punishable by death.•  A non-Muslim who leads a Muslim away from Islam is punishable by death.•  A non-Muslim man who marries a Muslim woman is punishable by death.•  A man can marry an infant girl and consummate the marriage when she is 9 years old.•  Girls' clitoris should be cut (per Muhammad's words in Book 41, Kitab Al-Adab, Hadith 5251).•  A woman can have 1 husband, but a man can have up to 4 wives; Muhammad can have more.•

37.   A man can unilaterally divorce his wife but a woman needs her husband's consent to divorce.•  A man can beat his wife for insubordination.•  Testimonies of four male witnesses are required to prove rape against a woman.•  A woman who has been raped cannot testify in court against her rapist(s).•  A woman's testimony in court, allowed only in property cases, carries half the weight of a man's.•  A female heir inherits half of what a male heir inherits.•  A woman cannot drive a car, as it leads to fitnah (upheaval).•  A woman cannot speak alone to a man who is not her husband or relative.•  Meat to be eaten must come from animals that have been sacrificed to Allah - i.e., be Halal.•  Muslims should engage in Taqiyya and lie to non-Muslims to advance Islam.•  The list goes on.

38. The Arab Empire & Caliphates Ch 3.2, p. 50

41. Ch 3.2 Vocab • Caliph • Jihad • Shia • Sunni • Vizier • Sultan • Caliphate

42. Muhammad dies who is in charge? • No sons- male led society -? Followers pick his father in law-Abu Bakr Heis named caliph-religious and political successor to Muhammad. • held down tribal political and religious uprisings, expanded and united Muslim world • Quran permitted jihad-fair, defensive warfare “struggle in the way of God”

43. Abu Bakr • Muhammad’s father-in-law • And chief advisor • Chosen as political and religious successor in 632 “Caliph” • Unites Muslim world despite revolts • Conquests into Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Persian Empire ubber warriors cuz-Arab soldiers assured a place in paradise if died in battle.

44. Ruled the empire from Madinah • Abu-Bakr also dies with no named successor! Lots of caliph’s named after this, assignation central. Muhammad’s son-in-law=Ali is one of these. • Christians and Jews in conquered areas allowed to keep religion but pay a tax.

45. Shoulder Buddy Q How did Abu-Bakr unite the Arab world? According to the Quran, fair, defensive warfare is a jihad, which means what?

46. How did Abu-Bakr unite the Arab world? He suppressed tribal political and religious uprisings and expanded Muslim territory. After Muhammad’s death territory doubled. Jihad-Struggle in the way of God.

48. And then….the Umayyads • -Mu’awiyah, in 661 named Caliph. He made job title hereditary to his family. (Not chosen) Capital moved to Damascus from Medina “Only used force when absolutely necessary” • Continued expansions-Entire coast of North Africa and Most of Spain, and parts of Asia! • BUT setbacks ensued-The Byzantines and Franks defeated the Arabs in 717 and 732, halting inroads in Europe

49. The split in Islam- Hussein-Ali’s son and grandson to Muhammad challenges Umayyad rule. He loses but this splits Islam into 2 groups!! Shia-Muslims who only accept descendents of Ali as the true rulers of Islam. (Iran and Iraq) minority Sunni-Accept any Umayyad as caliph. They are the majority

50. Hussein’s revolt in Iraq!