Reconstruction (1865-77) Goal 3

1. Goal Three:Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.Objectives:3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end.3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national government.

2. Reconstruction Government views Thaddeus Stevens Andrew Johnson 13th Amendment Freedman’s Bureau Black Codes Republican Majority (1866) Civil Rights Act, 1866 14th Amendment Reconstruction Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act Impeachment Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) Black Vote 15th Amendment Hiram Revels Republican promises Sharecropping Tenant Farmers Scalawags Carpetbaggers Segregation Amnesty Act Redemption 1876 Election Literacy Exams Reconstruction(1865-77)Goal 3 • Poll Taxes • Grandfather Clause • Solid South • Jim Crow Laws • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

3. Pass in your Blue book activity. • Get a computer. • Get out your study guide notes.

4. Reconstruction • This was a period of time after the war to rebuild the South. • What was the country going to do with 4 million free blacks? • What should be done with the south? • Who controls Reconstruction: President or Congress? • Congress eventually wins Control after the 1866 elections. 53

5. Control 39 • Congress and the President argued over who would control Reconstruction but both agreed that slavery should be abolished. Who makes laws & controls funding? Who enforces laws & conducts the military?

6. Power StruggleGovernment Views • The President supported an easy Reconstruction; Andrew Johnson favored quick return of the south • The Radical Republican controlled Congress wanted a harsh Reconstruction 40 They both agreed on abolition

7. 56a Andrew Johnson • President • Former Democrat • People were not sure who he would support; Democrats or Republicans • Southerners called him a traitor • Republicans thought he was on their side • They were both wrong

8. 13th Amendment 41a • Johnson passed the 13th Amendment as Lincoln had wanted • Abolished slavery • Johnson then said if southern states accepted this, they could re-enter the Union • Republicans said this was too easy • By 1865, states began to send representatives to Congress; many had served in the Confederate Army and Congress

9. 42 Freedman’s Bureau A primary school opened w/ Bureau funding. Set up to help free blacks and poor whites Food, clothing, hospitals, education It was later vetoed by Johnson Republicans saw him as protecting Southerners

11. 43 Black Codes • Designed to limit blacks socially and economically in the South • Many didn’t know what they would do after the war; many just drifted • This upset white southerners • Black Codes • Allowed marriages • Property ownership • Right to sue (not whites) • Can’t be on a jury • Can’t carry weapons • Can’t marry whites • Curfews • Travel Permits • Has nothing to do with voting rights

12. More changes... • Republican Majority: Republicans gained a majority in Congress in 1866 • Why is this important? • Could override a presidential veto 44 VETO

13. Civil Rights Act, 1866 59 • Stated that all natural born citizens (except Native Americans) had full citizenship rights. • Attacked the black codes • Had to be reinforced with an amendment because states were not enforcing it • What Amendment?

14. 41B 14th Amendment • They would later pass the 14th Amendment • Anyone born in America is a citizen (former slaves) • Allows due process of law • Not approved by the states until 1868 • Johnson advised the southern states not to support it

15. Reconstruction Act, 1867 • Divided the south into military districts • Congress was in power 45

16. Punish the South • Radical Republicans want to punish the south I will not secede

17. WHY??? • Southerners were upset at the military occupation and wondered: • What else do we have to do? • We lost the war • We gave up our slaves • They couldn’t accept equality • Union troops had to protect blacks as they went to the polls to vote • Johnson tried to veto it; Congress overrode it

18. 62 Impeachment • After Johnson’s acts, the Radicals pushed for impeachment • They made a law to trap him… • Tenure of Office Act said Johnson couldn’t fire anyone in his cabinet without Congressional approval; he did • This was a violation of checks and balances • He didn’t like the Sec. Of War (who supported the Radicals), Johnson fired his Sec. of War • The trial began • Who brings up the Articles of Impeachment? • Who holds the trial? • 2\3 of the Senate needed to impeach • The Senate missed convicting Johnson by one vote • Johnson stayed in power 46

19. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) 56b • Republican • Won the 1868 election (War hero) • The black votewas important in the election of 1868 • Blacks voted Republican

20. 15th Amendment Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race Nothing about gender in there 41C

21. Hiram Revels:First black Senator; from MississippiTook the seat of Jefferson Davis Even though blacks could vote, there were still few representatives in states with large black populations Radicals were blamed for giving the “illiterate” or “ignorant” vote Nothing in the Constitution says you must know how to read to vote 58

22. Who would publish a Political cartoon like this? “Colored Rule is a Reconstructed (?) state.”

23. Republican Promises • Radical Republicans wanted to redistribute the land taken from the big plantation owners • They promised freedmen 40 acres and a mule • Republicans wanted political, not economic equality for blacks • Much of their concern came from the want of black votes • Who won the war???? 64-65

24. Sharecropping\Tenant Farming • Sharecropping: work the land and harvest crops; give 2\3 of crop to master (rent) and freedman keeps 1\3 • They would be able to sell this for a profit and eventually save enough money to buy their own land • It won’t work!!!! • Tenant farming: this was renting the land from someone • You still don’t own the land 60

25. Same as it ever was!!! • Many freedmen had no place to go and plantation owners had no workers • Many times you would end up working for your former masters, but you aren’t their slave any longer • It just feels like you are a slave under the sharecropping system

26. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • Scalawags (scoundrel) • White southerners who joined the Republican party • Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved to the south after the war • Some to help; others to take advantage 61 Carpetbaggers

27. Segregation • Also brought about segregation:division of blacks and whites by law or by location

28. Depression of 1873 Lasted 5 years Economic problems blamed on Grant

29. The New South Grafts Many Northern companies rebuilding the south took bribes for contracts called grafts One Carpetbagger, who earned $8000 a year salary, made over $100,000 in a year

30. Whites Can’t Accept It Many whites couldn’t take equality in the south They had been taught since birth that blacks were inferior Some turned to terrorism (KKK) Began as a way to discourage Freedmen Meetings Ghosts of the Confederacy Founder left after it got too violent

31. Force Acts Congress passed the law In areas where Klan violence appeared against blacks; troops sent to protect blacks

33. Coming back to power... • Amnesty Act: returning the right to vote and hold office to some former Confederate leaders • One by one, former leaders began to come back to power • Redemption or “Redeemers”: former Democrats coming back to antebellum positions • Who won the war? • The same people that were in power before the war were in the charge after the war • Radical Republicans began to lose power and lost interest in the black vote • Many believed Blacks should take care of themselves 63 & 68

34. 1876 Election • Between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and Samuel J. Tilden (Dem)

35. “Tilden or Blood!” (the South would Fight again if Tilden was not elected.)

36. Hayes Election of 1876 • Tilden had the majority of the popular vote and there was no majority in the electoral vote • 20 electoral votes were in dispute • A deal was made between the Democrats and Republicans • Compromise of 1877 • Hayes becomes President (Republican) • Troops taken out of the south • Democrat in Hayes’ cabinet • This ends Reconstruction 47-48, 56c

37. Black Vote As blacks voted less, whites made gains in government Laws were created to keep blacks from voting all together

38. The Right to Vote? • Literacy Exam:had to pass a literacy exam to vote • Created by southern states • Hard questions • Oral exams • Democrats got easier questions • Poll Tax: had to pay a tax to vote • Only a few dollars • Change times to collect and price

39. Grandfather Clause • Poor whites were also being affected by the poll tax and literacy exam • Grandfather clause allowed whites to vote • If your grandfather could vote before the Civil War, then you could vote • Even if you couldn’t pay the poll tax or pass the literacy exam • Declared unconstitutional in 1915

40. SOLID SOUTH • Since many blacks were denied the right to vote, whites gained control of southern politics and most voted Democrat 67

41. 50 Jim Crow Laws Segregation laws & “Separate but equal” laws

42. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 • Plessy was a black man who sued because he was denied a seat on a train reserved for whites • He said black and white train cars were not equal • Supreme Court said it was equal • Separate but equal (segregation) is legal • Things were not equal 51

43. YES: The slaves were freed Freedmen given more rights Legally recognized marriages Own land Voting rights Citizenship NO: Poll taxes and literacy exams limit voting rights Black codes limit freedmen Little support for economic reforms to aid freedmen Many worked for former white masters under sharecropping Did Reconstruction Work? In some ways it did work and in other ways it didn’t

44. Quiz • During reconstruction, who controlled most of the rebuilding of the country: President or Congress? • What political party led the attack on the South during Reconstruction? • What president fought with Congress over reconstruction? • What agency was set up to provide food, clothing, and education to poor whites & freed slaves? • What promise did Republicans give freedmen in order to help get their votes? • The 1876 election was between what two people? • What legislation effectively ends Reconstruction? • What is the name of the tax which limited freedmen’s ability to vote? • What is the name where whites gained control of southern politics and most voted Democrat? • What are Jim Crow Laws?