Reconstruction (1865-77)

1. Goal Three:Crisis, Civil War, and Reconstruction (1848-1877) - The learner will analyze the issues that led to the Civil War, the effects of the war, and the impact of Reconstruction on the nation.Objectives:3.04 Analyze the political, economic, and social impact of Reconstruction on the nation and identify the reasons why Reconstruction came to an end.3.05 Evaluate the degree to which the Civil War and Reconstruction proved to be a test of the supremacy of the national government. Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

2. Reconstruction Government views Thaddeus Stevens Andrew Johnson 13th Amendment Feedman’s Bureau Black Codes Republican Majority (1866) Civil Rights Act, 1866 14th Amendment Reconstruction Act, 1867 Tenure of Office Act Impeachment Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) Black Vote 15th Amendment Hiram Revels Republican promises Sharecropping Tenant Farmers Scalawags Carpetbaggers Segregation Amnesty Act Redemption 1876 Election Literacy Exams Reconstruction(1865-77) • Poll Taxes • Grandfather Clause • Solid South • Jim Crow Laws • Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

3. Reconstruction Problems • This was a period of time after the war to rebuild the south. • What was the country going to do with 4 million free blacks? • What should be done with the south? • Who controls Reconstruction: President or Congress? Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

4. Control • Congress and the President argued over who would control Reconstruction Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

5. Power StruggleGovernment Views • The President supported an easy Reconstruction; he favored the south • Congress wanted a harsh Reconstruction They both agreed on abolition Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

6. Radical Republicans • Thaddeus Stevens and the Radical Republicans wanted a harsh reconstruction • Before Lincoln died, he wanted an easy Reconstruction Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

7. Andrew Johnson • President • Lincoln’s VP • Former Democrat • People were not sure who he would support; Democrats or Republicans • Southerners called him a traitor • Republicans thought he was on their side • They were both wrong Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

8. 13th Amendment • Johnson passed the 13th Amendment as Lincoln had wanted • Abolished slavery • Johnson then said if southern states accepted this, they could re-enter the Union • Republicans said this was too easy • By 1865, states began to send representatives to Congress; many had served in the Confederate Army and Congress Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

9. Freedman’s Bureau Set up to help free blacks and poor whites Food, clothing, hospitals, education It was later vetoed by Johnson Republicans saw him as protecting Southerners Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

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11. Black Codes • Limit blacks socially and economically • Many didn’t know what they would do after the war; many just drifted • This upset white southerners • Black Codes • Allowed marriages • Property ownership • Right to sue (not whites) • Can’t be on a jury • Can’t carry weapons • Can’t marry whites • Curfews • Travel Permits • Has nothing to do with voting rights Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

12. More changes... • Republican Majority: Republicans gained a majority in Congress in 1866 • Why is this important? • Could override a presidential veto VETO Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

13. Civil Rights Act, 1866 • All blacks were citizens and attacked the black codes • Had to be reinforced with an amendment because states were not enforcing it Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

14. 14th Amendment • They would later pass the 14th Amendment • Anyone born in America is a citizen (former slaves) • Allows due process of law • Not approved by the states until 1868 • Johnson advised the southern states not to support it Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

15. Reconstruction Act, 1867 • Divided the south into military districts • Congress was in power Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

16. Punish the South • Radical Republicans want to punish the south I will not secede Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

17. WHY??? • Southerners were upset at the military occupation and wondered: • What else do we have to do? • We lost the war • We gave up our slaves • They couldn’t accept equality • Union troops had to protect blacks as they went to the polls to vote • Johnson tried to veto it; Congress overrode it Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

18. Impeachment • After Johnson’s acts, the Radicals pushed for impeachment • They caught him in a trap • Tenure of Office Act said Johnson couldn’t fire anyone in his cabinet without Congressional approval; he did • This was a violation of checks and balances • He didn’t like the Sec. Of War (who supported the Radicals), Johnson fired his Sec. of War • Impeached • Who brings up the Articles of Impeachment? • The trial began • Who holds the trial? • 2\3 of the Senate needed to convict • The Senate missed convicting Johnson by one vote • Johnson stayed in power Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

19. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-77) • Republican • Won the 1868 election (War hero) • The black votewas important in the election of 1868 • Blacks voted Republican Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

20. 15th Amendment Cannot be denied the right to vote based on race Nothing about gender in there Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

21. Hiram Revels:First black Senator; from MississippiTook the seat of Jefferson Davis Even though blacks could vote, there were still few representatives in states with large black populations Radicals were blamed for giving the “illiterate” or “ignorant” vote Nothing in the Constitution says you must know how to read to vote Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

22. Republican Promises • Radical Republicans wanted to redistribute the land taken from the big plantation owners • They promised freedmen 40 acres and a mule • Republicans wanted political, not economic equality for blacks • Much of their concern came from the want of black votes • Who won the war???? Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

23. Sharecropping\Tenant Farming • Sharecropping: work the land and harvest crops; give 2\3 of crop to master (rent) and freedman keeps 1\3 • They would be able to sell this for a profit and eventually save enough money to buy their own land • It won’t work!!!! • Tenant farming: this was renting the land from someone • You still don’t own the land Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

24. Same as it ever was!!! • Many freedmen had no place to go and plantation owners had no workers • Many times you would end up working for your former masters, but you aren’t their slave any longer • It just feels like you are a slave under the sharecropping system Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

25. Scalawags and Carpetbaggers • Scalawags (scoundrel) • White southerners who joined the Republican party • Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved to the south after the war • Some to help; others to take advantage Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

26. Segregation • Also brought about segregation:division of blacks and whites Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

27. Depression of 1873 Lasted 5 years Economic problems blamed on Grant Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

28. Grafts Many companies rebuilding the south took bribes for contracts called grafts One Carpetbagger, who earned $8000 a year salary, made over $100,000 in a year Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

29. White’s Can’t Accept It Many couldn’t take equality in the south They had been taught since birth that blacks were inferior Some turned to terrorism (KKK) Began as a way to discourage Freedmen Meetings Ghosts of the Confederacy Founder left after it got too violent Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

30. Force Acts Congress passed the law In areas where Klan violence appeared against blacks; troops sent to protect blacks Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

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32. Coming back to power... • Amnesty Act: returning the right to vote and hold office to some former Confederate leaders • One by one, former leaders began to come back to power • Redemption: former Democrats coming back antebellum positions • Who won the war? • The same people that were in power before the war were in the charge after the war • Radical Republicans began to lose power and lost interest in the black vote • Blacks should take care of themselves Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

33. Grant has problems • 1873 Depression blamed on Grant • Grant wasn’t a politician • His friends hurt him • His friends got involved in scandals and he got blamed for them Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

34. 1876 Election • Between Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep) and Samuel J. Tilden (Dem) Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

35. Election of 1876 Hayes • Tilden had the majority of the popular vote and there was no majority in the electoral vote • 20 electoral votes were in dispute • Who decides? • House voted in a committee to investigate down party lines • 8 Rep. And 7 Dem. • A deal was made between the Democrats and Republicans • Compromise of 1877 • Hayes becomes President (Republican) • Troops taken out of the south • Democrat in Hayes’ cabinet • This ends Reconstruction Tilden Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

36. Black Vote As blacks voted less, whites made gains in government Laws were created to keep blacks from voting all together Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

37. The Right to Vote? • Literacy Exam:had to pass a literacy exam to vote • Created by southern states • Hard questions • Oral exams • Democrats got easier questions • Poll Tax: had to pay a tax to vote • Only a few dollars • Change times to collect and price Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

38. Grandfather Clause • Poor whites were also being effected by the poll tax and literacy exam • Grandfather clause allowed whites to vote • If your grandfather could vote before the Civil War, then you could vote • Even if you couldn’t pay the poll tax or pass the literacy exam • Declared unconstitutional in 1915 Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

39. SOLID SOUTH • Since many blacks were denied the right to vote, whites gained control of southern politics and most voted Democrat Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

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41. Jim Crow Laws Separate but equal laws (segregation) Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

42. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 • Plessy was a black man who sued because he was denied a seat on a train reserved for whites • He said black and white train cars were not equal • Supreme Court said it was equal • Separate but equal (segregation) is legal • Things were not equal Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

43. YES: The slaves were freed Freedmen given more rights Legally recognized marriages Own land Voting rights Citizenship NO: Poll taxes and literacy exams limit voting rights Black codes limit freedmen Little support for economic reforms to aid freedmen Many worked for former white masters under sharecropping Did Reconstruction Work? In some ways it did work and in other ways it didn’t Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

44. I rode with old Jeb Stuart and his band of Southern horse And there never were no Yankees who could meet us force to force No they never did defeat us, but we could never evade Their dirty foreign politics and cowardly blockade Well we hadn’t and powder and we hadn’t any shot And we hadn’t any money to by what we ain’t got So we rode our worn out horses and we ate on plain corn meal And we lick’em where we caught em with Southern guts and steel We sunk the ship at Sumter and we broke her plumb in two We showed them bully Yanks just what we aim to do At a little creek called Bull Run we took their starry rag To wipe our horse with and I ain’t here to brag There aren’t as many left of us who rode out at the start And then there are the weary weak in body sad of heart We fought a fight to be proud of and I am here to say I’ll climb my horse and follow Marse come hell, come any day Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School

45. Oh, I'm a good old Rebel, now that's just what I am,For this "Fair Land of Freedom" I do not give a damn!I'm glad I fit against it, I only wish we'd won,And I don't want no pardon for anything I done.I hates the Constitution, this Great Republic, too,I hates the Freedman's Buro in uniforms of blue,I hates the nasty eagle with all his brag and fuss,The lying, thieving Yankees, I hates 'em wuss and wuss!I hates the Yankee nation and everything they do,I hates the Declaration of Independence, too,I hates the "Glorious Union" , 'tis dripping with our blood,I hates their striped banner, I fit it all I could.I followed old Marse Robert for four years, near about,Got wounded in three places, and starved at P'int Lookout;I cotched the "roomatism" a'campin' in the snow,But I killed a chance o' Yankees, and I'd like to kill some mo'.Three hundred thousand Yankees is stiff in Southern dust!We got three hundred thousand before they conquered us.They died of Southern fever and Southern steel and shot,I wish they was three million instead of what we got.I can't take up my musket and fight 'em now no more,But I ain't a'gonna love 'em, now that is sarten sure;And I don't want no pardon for what I was and am,I won't be reconstructed, and I do not care a damn!I won't be reconstructed! I'm better now than them,And for a carpetbagger, I do not give a damn.So I'm off for the frontier, soon as I can go,I'll prepare me a weapon and start for Mexico. Hill Pearsall-Topsail High School