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Social Change …. Forces of Social Change. What is Social Change?. Social Change : Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who believe in it
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What is Social Change? • Social Change: Changes in the way society is organized, and the beliefs and practices of the people who believe in it • All societies are involved in a process of social change, however this change may be so subtle and slow that society is hardly aware of it • The opposite of social change is social continuity which means that there are structures within society which are built to resist change. Example - the Catholic Church
Question 1 –How has the development of housing in Baku changed? Question 2: How has public opinion shifted regarding social issues such as:-Smoking-Domestic Violence -Divorce-Abortion-Homosexuality Examples of Social Change
Social Change: An Introduction • Change is a general phenomena that being occurred in society very much. In an another sense, society is always in changing process . • Society can never stopped in a specific way . • Changes are either in positive way or in negative way in society.
Social Change • Changes or mobilization in different institutions are both of backward mobility or in upward mobility. As changes occur, people of the earth are living in the so-called civilized world. Such as changes from primitive society to modern society to post modern society .
Definition of Social Change Social change is a general term which refers: a) To change in the nature, the social institutions, the social behaviour or the social relations of a society, community of people, or other social structures.
Causes of Social Change The causes of social change below affect or characterize every aspect of society across the world. On a macro scale: They shape all of our major social institutions such as economics, politics, religion, family, education, science/technology, military, legal system, and so on. On a micro scale: They shape values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of human being to all over the world.
What are some of the sources of change in our society? • Single dramatic event • Cultural and technological innovations • Shifting population size • Environmental pressures • Diffusion from other cultures • Media • Others?
Major source of change: Technological advancement • Technological change may be one of most accelerated • Computers have become indispensable • Convenience and access to information • Negatives? • Loss of privacy • Blurring of traditional lines between work and home
Rising Expectations • When conditions at their worst, many solely focused on survival • People more likely to seek social change when living conditions have improved somewhat • Chance for change seems possible
Major source of change:Social Movements • Social movement Continuous, large-scale, organized collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or reverse change in some area of society • Types of movements • Alternative Movement • Redemptive Movement • Reformative Movement • Transformative Movement
Power of the Individual(s)? • Sociologist Max Weber claimed that one of the most important components of social change was a LEADER with CHARISMA (large vision, magnetic style, strong popular support and extraordinary character). This leader places great demands on his or her followers, promises rewards for their support . Examples? • Sociologist Samuel Eisenstadtclaimed that in most societies, there exists one or more MODERNIZING ELITES, groups of people who create significant social change and influence the direction it goesExamples?
Alienation of the People • Sociologist Emile Durkheim coined the word ”anomie” to describe the conditions of the industrial workers who had no roots or norms as they struggled in their lives • Sociologist Karl Marx took this term and applied it to working people or “proletariat”. He claimed the workers were exploited and controlled (employment, housing) and could never reach full potential • This notion has been expanded it mean anyone who does not share the major values of society and feels like an outsider • Effects?
Conformity of the People • Conformity is the act of maintaining a certain degree of similarity (in clothing, manners, behaviors, etc.) to those in your general social circles, to those in authority, or to the general status quo. Usually, conformity implies a tendency to submit to others in thought and behavior other than simply clothing choice • Informational Influence: human desire to accept information that another, admired person tells us is valid (ie. Parent, teacher, coach) • Normative Influence: pressure to conform to the positive expectations of others (ie. Follow in footsteps of parent’s career) • Effects?
Causes of Social Change 1.Technological and Economic Changes- a) Agricultural advancements: Examples include irrigation, plow system, cotton industry that develop the surplus food which lead to population growth and urbanization. People were able to work outside of the farm. b) Industrialization : The process of changing from a manual labor force to a technology driven labor force in which machines play a large role.
Causes of Social Change Lead to changes in (by Industrialization ): a. Work place, people work outside of the home/community which lead to changes in gender activities (value of child care, value of labor). b. Work became centered and organized around machines. Alienation from a particular group. c. Weapons production – guns, nuclear weapons. d. Informative Society, Information are available around us that also leads to the social change.
Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies 1) Smaller percentage of people are doing their activities in agriculture, increased division of labor in production house, specialization of occupations, increase in education of workforce, Increase in economic organizations (businesses).
Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies • The number of Population are increasing to a high rate day by day. Because • high birth rates and low death rates insome countries (greater population sizes) • high birth rate and high death rates in specially in African regions. And also • smaller birth rate and little death rates in European countries that equalizes their overall development.
Social Change & Characteristics of industrialized societies ▶People have fewer children as society industrialized because role of family changes and technological advancements allow control of reproduction. ▶Families change from extended to nuclear families due to geographic and occupational mobility. Family is no longer mainly seen as an economic unit.
Social Change 2. Modernization: The process of moving from an agrarian to industrial society. Characteristics of modern societies ▶Larger role of government in society and bureaucracy to run governments, ▶Large, formal organizations and division of labor based on specialization of skills and abilities into occupations.
Social Change Forming of social institutions to regulate behavior. ▶Laws and sanctions to regulate behavior. ▶Control over and management of environmental resources: oil, water, land, animals, etc.
Social Change 3. Urbanization: When large populations live in urban areas rather than rural areas known as urbanization. Usually results from economic opportunities: either people move to a city for jobs, or rural areas become the sites of large businesses which lead to population growth. 4. Bureaucratization: By which most formal organizations in a society (businesses, government, non-profits) run their organizations via the use of extreme rational and impersonal thinking, an extreme division of labor, and record keeping.
Social Change 5. Conflict and Competition : These also play an important role to social change. For examples: War due to religion, ethnic tensions, competition for resources, gender and women’s movement like for equal payment and property. Race and Civil Rights Movement, collective political power, homosexuality becoming more available, but still denied civil and human rights. But Positive Outcomes are like solidarity, safety notions, positively social development, welfare activities are enhancing .
Social Change 6. Political and Legal Power: a) Elected officials: Redistribution of wealth to the all the peoples by the elected persons and control over income and property taxes. They can charge over negative action, ability to sue insurance companies, increase minimum wage in labor (leads to change in unemployment, part-time employment, health insurance. b) Unelected officials: Such as the civil society ,they can control over corporate power (jobs, goods and services and cost of culture, donations to political campaigns.
Social Change 7. Ideology : a) Religious beliefs. Rise of capitalism in the world ,due to religious beliefs Protestantism emerged and many other work ethics developed in the work place. Religious beliefs sometimes lead to revolution and civil wars which lead to new countries. Like in Iran, Islamic revolution occurred in 1979 and developed a Islamic republic.
Social Change 8. Diffusion: Populations in the world are adopting new goods and services from anywhere he or she stays. Much of the materialist products are being applied to following the marketing policy .(celebrities campaigns in drinking milk, cold drinks), public health (birth control in less developed countries) etc. 9. Acculturation Examples: Asian Americans, American Indians are being eliminated through the dominancy of white American people. People can prevent social change by preventing acculturation,
GEOGRAPHY This is when the natural lay of the land has affectedthe way societies have developed Natural disasters can also drastically change a society (floods, earthquakes, volcanoes)ENVIRONMENT Pollution, garbage, ozone, car emissions, smog, recycling national, provincial and local programs that address environmental problems Effects? Natural Forces of Social Change
External events are events that have occurred on a large scale affecting an entire nation or several nations These events have a large and immediate impact on social change Examples American Civil War – abolished slavery WWII – forced women into the workforce and they never returned home September 11/2001 – a change of thought regarding national threat and security External Events as Forces of Social Change
Karl Marx was first to point sociology to study inequality in society Income inequalities: gap between earnings of the rich and poor Is social inequality an inherent part of human social structures? Does society have a responsibility in trying to deal with the effects of income inequality? Effects? - education, crime, housing Poverty and Affluence
Singularity- belief that everyone in society should act and think the same way Pluralism- widespread acceptance of differences in culture, religion, values and lifestyle Inclusiveness- all law abiding people, regardless of their particular background, should be able to play a constructive role in the life of the nation Examples: struggle for inclusiveness with women obtaining equal roles and status to traditionally ‘male’ roles Values and Social Change: Pluralism
Technology • Technology has strongly affected the way societies are designed and how they keep changing • People receive their information more quickly now, can communicate in different ways • Greatest invention of the millennium? Guesses? • Impact…
Coping with Technological Change – Positive or Negative??? • Over dependency • Creation of ‘mass culture’ • Changes in Gender roles • Social Isolation • Addiction • Positive and Negative consequences? • Luddites: People who oppose new technologies are often called “luddites” after a secret society whose goal it was to destroy new textile machines during the early years of the Industrial Revolution
