Imperialism

1. 1830-1914 Imperialism

2. Imperialism Outline • Setting the Stage • Industrialization • Social Darwinism & the White Man’s Burden • The Scramble for Africa • British in India • Imperialism in Southeast Asia

3. Imperialism • Imperialism- One country dominating the political, economic, or cultural life of another country • New Imperialism refers to the colonial expansion adopted by European powers from 1830 to 1914. The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions. • The qualifier "new" is to contrast with the earlier wave of European colonization from the 15th to early 19th centuries.

4. Core-periphery Theory • Core-periphery theory is based on the idea that as one region or state expands in economic wealth, it must swallow up regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success. The area of high growth becomes known as the core, and the area of low growth is the periphery • In simple terms: the core is the developed, industrialized part of the world, and the periphery is the "underdeveloped", typically raw materials-exporting, poor part of the world

5. Core nations • The most economically diverse, wealthy, and powerful (economically and militarily) • Highly industrialized • Produce manufactured goods rather than raw materials for export • More often in the forefront of new technologies and new industries • Have more complex and stronger state institutions that help manage economic affairs • Have more ways to control noncore nations • More independent of outside control Periphery nations • Less economically diverse • Are more dependant on one type of economic activity, such as extracting and exporting raw materials to core nations • Are often targets for core nations that come into the country to take advantage of cheap unskilled labor and raw materials for export back to core nations • Have a high percentage of their people that are poor and uneducated • Usually have a small upper class that owns most of the land and has profits from the core countries. • Tend to be far more influenced by core nations. Many times they are forced to follow economic policies that favor core nations and harm the long-term economic growth of periphery nations.

6. Outline • 1750-1850 Industrial Revolution • Rise of the Core (beginning of need for raw materials) • 1860s-1870s European Unification • Core strengthened by nationalism • 1830-1914 Imperialism • Core exploits the Periphery: • For raw materials • For new markets • For power (Competition between the core) • 1914-1918 WWI • Core vs. Core for World Domination

7. Causes of Imperialism • Industrial Revolution need resources imperialism • Industrial Revolution need new markets imperialism • Nationalism want power  imperialism

8. Justification of Imperialism Social Darwinism White Man’s Burden

9. Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer- took Darwin’s ideas and ran with them (not in a good way) • He believed social evolution occurred through conflict between different ethnic groups where the best ethnic group would thrive. • Social Darwinism= survival of the fittest in people Herbert Spencer coined the phrase, "survival of the fittest."

10. Social Darwinists think Western Europeans are a superior race and will survive better because they are strong and successful • Social Darwinists think Africans and Asians are an inferior race and can never be as successful as Europeans.

11. White Man’s Burden •  It was the duty of the white man to bring western culture to other lands • Emblematic both of Eurocentric racism and of Western aspirations to dominate the developing world • Justified imperialism as a noble enterprise

13. Imperialism •   One country dominating the political, economic, or cultural life of another country

14. Reasons for Imperialism IR need resources imperialism IR need new markets  imperialism Nationalism want power  imperialism

15. Forms of imperial control • Colonies Governors and soldiers sent to control the people • Can be direct or indirect • Spheres of influence An outside power controlled trade (China)

16. Africa Before Imperialism • Mid 1800s • African people were divided in groups based on ethnic or linguistic (language) similarity • These groups spoke 1,000 different languages • Africa varied from large empires to independent villages • Even though Europeans traded and had gotten slaves from Africa, Europeans did not have colonies in Africa before this time. They owned only 10% of its land.

17. Africa • The “Dark Continent” – little was known • “Scramble for Africa” – describes European takeover of Africa

18. Berlin Conference • No Africans invited • European nations divided up Africa into colonies • Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

19. Carving Up Africa • France had the most land • Britain controlled the most people • Spain, Portugal, Germany, Italy also joined in the carving

20. Britain in South Africa • Gold and diamonds discovered in Boer land in South Africa • British wanted them • British fought a war against the Boers to win South Africa as a colony • Under indirect British rule

21. Effects, Positive and Negative • Positive  • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools • Provided economic expansion of African culture and products • Built infrastructure that still exists today • Negative  • Africans lost control of their land and independence • Many died from disease • Division of traditional boundaries and cultures • Colonial boundaries continue to cause problems today

22. The East India Company • Private trading company • Controlled 3/5 of India • Recall: Battle of Plassey (1757)-Small British force defeated Mughal army ten times it size. • British East India Company could collect taxes from Mughal Court • Marks the gradual transfer of the Indian Subcontinent to British control

23. Sepoy Rebellion • Indians are in the British military (Sepoys) • Animal fat on the bullets • -Indians are what religions? • -Would they have a problem with pig or cow fat? • 1857 – Sepoys revolted • British took revenge and the result is…

24. India Becomes Colony • Parliament put India under government control • India became the “brightest jewel” in the Empire • -Spices, cotton, & opium

25. Trade with China • China entered a period of decline • European nations wanted more markets • (esp. for opium!)

26. The Opium War (1839-1842) •  England trades opium for tea •  Many Chinese became addicts • China tried to stop trade •  England defeated China

27. Unequal Treaties •   Treaty of Nanjing •   China gave trading rights to Britain • -Spheres of influence

28. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) • Peasants rebelled against Qing dynasty • 20-30 million deaths • Weakened dynasty even more

29. Spheres of Influence • British took the Yangzi Valley • French took areas near Indochina • US wanted and an “Open Door” policy

30. Boxer Uprising (1899-1900) • Goal to drive out foreigners •   Attacked foreign embassies in Peking • Boxers crushed • Modernization began

31. Birth of a Republic • Led by Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) • Three Principles of the People • Nationalism – remove foreigners • Democracy – representative government • Livelihood – economic security

32. Results of Imperialism • Foreign influence expanded • Britain's power was challenged • Created new rivalries between the eastern and western nations • Nationalism grew

33. Western Military Advantage • Agricultural surpluses, and new military technology allowed Europeans to impose their will on peripheral societies. • Examples of European military dominance. • 1839 - Britain defeat of the Chinese in the Opium Wars showed the Chinese weakness and ineffective gov. • 1853 - U.S.’s Matthew Perry expedition to Japan showed supremacy over Japan – Japan reacted differently than the others, however. • 1857 – Sepoy Rebellion – British defeats sepoy rebellion in India and India becomes a colony of the British. • 1898 – Boxer Rebellion – Chinese anti-imperialist campaign that was crushed by Western powers.

34. Japan • Demand for foreign trade • Westerners want the Japanese to open their ports • 1853 U.S. Commodore Perry brought Western ships and guns to Japan and forced Japan to accept trade with the West • Tokugawa shogun stepped down and emperor Meiji took control • Meiji realized the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize.

35. Isolate Country from the Rest of world

36. POWRR • PerryExpedition to Japan (Japan opens trade to US) • Opium • Wars • Rebellion (Sepoy, Boxer Taiping) India and ChinaResist the West • Restoration (Meiji Westernizes Japan) Japan joins the West