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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

This article provides a detailed overview of protein synthesis, covering the processes of transcription and translation. It explains how RNA is made from DNA during transcription and how proteins are made from mRNA during translation. The article also discusses mutations and their effects on protein synthesis, as well as the control of the cell cycle by proteins. Additionally, it explores the role of DNA in passing genetic traits from one generation to another.

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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

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  1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS • TRANSCRIPTION: DNA m RNA • TRANSLATION: m RNA Protein

  2. Summary of Events in Protein Synthesis

  3. TRANSCRIPTION

  4. Transcription: A Deep look RNA is made from the DNA nucleotide sequence during transcription. 1. __________________attaches to the beginning of one gene or a group of genes, called the ___________,on the DNA molecule. 2. DNA separates at the______________________ 3. half the DNA serves as a template to make RNA from nucleotides

  5. a. base sequence in DNA determines the base sequence in the RNA molecule 4. transcription ends at the ______________________________________on the DNA molecule a. indicates the end of a ___________or a group of genes 5. m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA may be made

  6. Transcription • http://www.biostudio.com/d_%20Transcription.htm • http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/transcription.swf • FIND MORE WEBSITES…

  7. TRANSLATION

  8. Translation- in ribosomes • _________makes proteins with the help of _____________. • The ___________on the mRNA dictate the amino acids that the tRNA brings to the ribosome. • The ________________ on the tRNA hooks up with the CODON and the a.a. is brought to the appropriate location. • Translation starts at the start codon (AUG) and ends at the stop codon (UGA, UAG, UAA)

  9. Chain of amino acid= protein

  10. B. B. How is the sequence of amino acids determined in translation? 1.codon(3-base sequence on m-RNA) a. 64 codons- code for amino acids 2. start codon (AUG) starts translation a. it codes for themethionine 3. codons on m-RNA pair with anticodons on t-RNA 4. stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation

  11. Codon Chart

  12. Start and Stop Codons on RNA

  13. Stop Codon Animation

  14. Peptide Bond Formation

  15. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS SUMMARY • Transcription - DNA makes RNA • Translation – t-RNA anticodons line up with m-RNA codons at the ribosome • peptide bonds connect amino acids in dehydration synthesis • the GENETIC CODE is the correlation between DNA base sequence and amino acid sequence in a polypeptide

  16. TRANSLATION • Work on the building of Protein at the following website • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/dna/ • http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html • http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/SD.TransTrans.HP.html

  17. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/ • http://www.biostudio.com/demo_freeman_protein_synthesis.htm  (w the ribosome subunits) • http://www.brookscole.com/chemistry_d/templates/student_resources/shared_resources/animations/protein_synthesis/protein_synthesis.html • http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/transcribe/ (actual do it yourself protein) • http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/Benja1dw/BIO101/tools/quiz/dnarna.htm

  18. GENES ARE SEGMENTS OF DNA THAT CODE FOR A CHARACTERISTIC, LIKE DIMPLES. REALLY ITS _______________________________IN THE DNA DETERMINE THE CHARACTERISTIC. BUT SOMETIMES PROBLEMS ARISE….

  19. Mutations A. Location of Mutations 1. _____________(body cell) 2. _________cell (cells that form sperm and egg cells) B. Causes 1. radiation a. x-rays, alpha, beta, gamma radiation, u.v. light 2. chemicals (mutagens) 3. DNA sequence changes in replication

  20. C. Effects of Mutations 1.__________(deadly) 2. may be beneficial 3. no effect

  21. Point Mutation change in one nucleotide …or change in a base (A,T,C,G) in the DNA molecule Types of mutations – a. ___________– one base is substituted for another b. _____________– an extra base is added c. __________ or deletion of a base

  22. Point Mutation:Substitution of One Base

  23. BIGGER PROBLEMS… • WHEN ONE OR TWO BASES ARE ADDED/DELETED, EVEN BIGGER PROBLEMS ARISE BECAUSE DNA IS “READ” IN________________SEQUENCES. • TRANSLATION? EVERY 3 DNA BASES CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID (REMEMBER THE BUILDING BLOCK OF PROTIENS) AND YOU KNOW THAT PROTEINS ARE EVERYWHERE IN OUR BODIES! • TO UNDERSTAND WHY, WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND HOW PROTEINS ARE FORMED.

  24. When things go wrong… Frameshift – results when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three 1. addition or deletion can result in a _______________ 2. results in a completely different sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

  25. Frameshift

  26. Frameshift- Insertion

  27. CELL CYCLE CONTROL BY PROTEINS What happens when the cell cycle proteins are the ones being mutated?

  28. Loss of Control of the Cell Cycle • if checkpoints are not working properly, the cell cycle can cause the cell to grow uncontrollably • leads to _________ http://outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations_S03.htm

  29. How does variation get passed on?REPRODUCTION!!!! Knowing DNA stores the message for all characteristics, how does it get passed on? ______________________ • Types of reproduction • Asexual (Mitosis)- which produces identical offspring (e.g. budding, binary fission) • Sexual (Meiosis)- which produces egg and sperm. • Heredity- How genetic traits are passed from one generation to another

  30. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (MITOSIS) IS ONLY 1 WAY ORGANISMS (SIMPLE) REPRODUCE! THERE ARE SOME ADVANTAGES (____________), BUT A HUGE DISADVANTAGE- NO ___________IN OFFSPRING!!!

  31. Asexual One parent __________genetic material Mitosis, budding, binary fission Sexual Two parents Different genetic material Meiosis + ______________ Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

  32. What is Meiosis Exactly? • Meiosis is a form of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells such as gametes or spores • 2 CELL DIVISIONS: Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 • CREATE 4__________cells (1N) only 1 copy of the chromosomes.

  33. MITOSIS VS. MEIOSIS • Mitosis- process that happens during 1) growth 2) asexual reproduction 3) repair of cells 4)regeneration • AFTER 4 STAGES (P-M-A-T) and 1 cell division IT PRODUCES 2 CELLS IDENTICAL (_____________) TO THE PARENT CELL- SAME DNA VS. • Meiosis- process that happens to make sex cells (egg and sperm) • AFTER ____ STAGES (PMAT-P2M2A2T2) and 2 cell divisions, IT PRODUCES_____CELLS WITH DIFFERENT GENETIC INFO FROM PARENT

  34. REMEMBER CHROMOSOMES • THEY ARE DNA STRANDS WRAPPED AROUND HISTONE PROTEINS. • IN ALL _______________THEY COME IN PAIRS (2N) CALLED THE ______________ NUMBER. ONE OF THE PAIR IS FROM MOM/DAD. • We have 46 chromosomes in body cells- 23 pairs. • SINCE IN SEX CELLS THERE NEEDS TO BE ½ THE # OF CHROMOSOMES, THEY ARE NO LONGER IN PAIRS…THEY ARE ALONE. THIS IS CALLED THE _____________ (HALF) NUMBER (1N) • We have 23 chromosomes in egg/sperm.

  35. Stages of Meiosis 1

  36. Stages of Meiosis 2

  37. S phase of Interphase(Before Replication- Mitosis)

  38. Interphase after replication

  39. I. Meiosis (Reduction Division) A. Meiosis I 1. __________________ a. chromosomes become distinct b. nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear and spindle fibers appear

  40. Prophase I c. spindle fibers appear d.____________–homologous chromosomes Line up together form ____________(group of 4)

  41. Prophase I e. ____________________may occur 1) portions of chromatid from one parent break off and attach to a homologous chromatid from the other parent 2) results in ______________________________

  42. 2. _____________________ a. chromosomes line up along the midline b. sister chromatids do not separate

  43. 3. ____________________ a. at random, one member of each homologous pair moves to the opposite poles (_______________________________)

  44. 4. _________________and Cytokinesis I a. chromosomes reach opposite poles b. cytokinesis begins

  45. Telophase I c. resulting cells have the n or______________number of chromosomes 1) one member of each homologous pair with two attached chromatids d. each new cell contains ½ the the number of chromosomes as the original cell

  46. B. Meiosis II 1. ___________________ a. spindle form and chromosomes begin to move toward the mid-line of the cell

  47. . ____________________ a. chromosomes move to the mid-line of the dividing cell

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