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Chapter 11 -Blood

Chapter 11 -Blood. “ I vant to suck yur blood” Count Dracula. Functions of Blood. transport-dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic waste Regulate pH & ions, ex. calcium, potassium, lactate acid control Restrict fluid loss at injury site, ie. blood clot

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Chapter 11 -Blood

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  1. Chapter 11 -Blood “ I vant to suck yur blood” Count Dracula

  2. Functions of Blood • transport-dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones and metabolic waste • Regulate pH & ions, ex. calcium, potassium, lactate acid control • Restrict fluid loss at injury site, ie. blood clot • Defend against toxins and pathogens. White blood cells (WBCs) and antibodies • Stabilize body temp.

  3. Blood Composition • Chart- page 367 • 55% plasma ( leave space for next slide) • 45% formed elements

  4. Plasma • 92% water!! Excellent for transporting dissolved molecules and heat • 7% Plasma proteins- • Albumin and Globulin for transport • Fibrinogen for clotting • Regulatory proteins- enzymes, hormones • 1% other solutes (dissolved stuff)- • Electrolytes: Na+ , K+, Cl-, etc. • Organic nutrients ( used for energy & building stuff): Fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, etc. • Organic waste: Urea, bilirubin ( broken down RBCs)

  5. Formed elements • 99.9% RBCs!! • 0.1% WBCs and platelets

  6. Blood Trivia • Blood Temp: 100.4o F (Hot Blooded by Foreigner!) • Viscosity- 5 times more resistant to flow than water ( “blood is thicker than water”) • pH of 7.2-7.4 (slightly alkaline)

  7. RBCs • As adults, hemopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow. • As fetus, RBC formation also occurs in liver and spleen • Hematocrit- % by volume of formed elements in whole blood, found by centrifuging • 46% in men, 42% in women- why?

  8. RBC Anatomy/Physiology • Loses many cellular components upon maturity: nucleus, DNA, mitochondria • Shaped like a donut, contains many molecules of hemoglobin • Each hemoglobin contains 4 pigment groups called “heme” groups • Each heme group holds an iron ion that can form a weak bond with an O2, lots of CO2 causes the bond to break and release O2 • However, CO has a much higher affinity to hemoglobin than O2!

  9. Anemia- blood with low ability to carry O2 • Symptoms: lack of energy, premature muscle fatigue, weakness • RBC lifespan- about 120 days • 1% replaced each day • 3 million new RBCs per second! • If your body holds 6 liters and each blood donation is 500 mL, how long before blood back to normal RBC count?

  10. RBC recycling • Small amount ( 10%) hemolyze (rupture) in blood and proteins are filtered out by kidneys. Too many rupturing will give urine reddish/ brown color!! • Usually phagocytic cells in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow engulf old RBCs and break them down into component parts. • Heme molecule loses its iron and becomes biliverdin (green color)

  11. Biliverdin converted to Bilirubin ( orange yellow) and released into the blood, liver then absorbs and secretes into bile duct. • Sometimes bilirubin will build up in tissue (visible in skin and whites of eyes), condition known as “Jaundice”. Sign of bigger problems! • In fetus, mom’s liver is disposing of bilirubin. Upon birth is can take a couple days for baby’s liver to get up to speed! In the mean time baby gets funny color- “Jaundiced” yellow.

  12. Severe Neonatal Jaundice Therapy • Certain wavelength of light will break down bilirubin in skin!

  13. When bilirubin reaches Lg. intestine it is broken down further. Some is reabsorbed with water and released by kidneys, some goes out with feces. Thus urine’s yellow color and brown of feces.

  14. RBC production • Occurs in red bone marrow of larger bones ( proximal limb, pelvic, scapulae, etc.) • When O2 levels low, kidneys release Erythropoeitin (EPO).

  15. WBC Movement and Circulation WBCs are sensitive to chemical signs of damage to surrounding areas, so when there is a problem WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter the damaged area. • Amoeboid Movement: gliding motion that allows WBCs to move along • walls of blood vessels • Diapedesis: leaving the bloodstream and entering surrounding tissue • Positive Chemotaxis: attraction to chemical stimuli • Phagocytosis: engulf pathogens, cell debris, or other materials

  16. WBC Movement and Circulation WBCs are sensitive to chemical signs of damage to surrounding areas, so when there is a problem WBCs leave the bloodstream and enter the damaged area. • Amoeboid Movement: gliding motion that allows WBCs to move along • walls of blood vessels • Diapedesis: leaving the bloodstream and entering surrounding tissue • Positive Chemotaxis: attraction to chemical stimuli • Phagocytosis: engulf pathogens, cell debris, or other materials

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