Indirect Objects

Indirect Objects

I told him “Don’t do it” P • I said him “Don’t do it” X Is English random? Or just evil?

Direct Object …………………………………> “some flowers” Indirect Object ………………………………> “my wife” “I sent some flowers to my wife” “I sent my wife some flowers” Basic Forms

Give me all your lovin’ • Give all your lovin’ to me • He cooked her chips • He cooked chips for her • The teacher gave the student a wedgie • The teacher gave a wedgieto the student Basic Forms - examples

“I sent some flowerstomy wife” “I bought some flowersformy wife” after-preposition “I sent my wife some flowers” after-verb Two Types

He described the grammar point to us P He described us the grammar point X Why?

Group 1 After-verb and after-prep (+to) (+for) Bring Build Give Buy Send Cook Teach Get Tell Make Group 2 After-prep only (+to) (+for) Describe Construct Donate Create Explain Design Report Obtain CommunicatePurchase Group 3 After-verb only Bet Cost Fine Forgive Spare Verbs used with indirect objects

After-verb structure was the most common Middle English – the French Connection (Latin origin) Only used the after-prep form Latin words stayed like this, Old English could be either

Group 1 After-verb and after-prep (+to) (+for) Bring Build Give Buy Send Cook Teach Get Tell Make ONE SYLLABLE Group 2 After-prep only (+to) (+for) Describe Construct Donate Create Explain Design Report Obtain CommunicatePurchase 2+ SYLLABLES Group 3 After-verb only Bet Cost Fine Forgive Spare Verbs used with indirect objects

Group 1 After-verb and after-prep (+to) (+for) Bring Build Give Buy Send Cook Teach Get Tell Make Group 2 After-prep only (+to) (+for) Describe Construct Donate Create Explain Design Report Obtain CommunicatePurchase Group 3 After-verb only Bet Cost Fine Forgive Spare Verbs used with indirect objects

SAY

Look at these sentences. • 1. Which sentences are wrong? Correct them. • 2. Change the indirect object position for the correct sentences. • Example: • John read the sentence to his class. • John read his class the sentence. • The teacher designed his students a lesson. • _______________________________________________________

Humans, transfer, and having By Alan Hunt

What is transfer? Let’s talk about the concept of TRANSFER … how it can be interpreted through language and the use of INDIRECT OBJECTS and DIRECT OBJECTS

What is transfer? TRANSFER is movement A B

What is transfer? Transfer can involve real objects Moe gave the beer to Homer Indirect Object Subject DirectObject Moe gave Homer the beer

What is transfer? Transfer can involve mental (abstract) objects He doesn’t like me? Drunken fool Moe gave Homer the idea it was time to go home

What is transfer? Direct objects are affected by the action of the verb Indirect objects express where the transfer is to (goal) The subject indicates where the transfer is from (source) The DirectObject moves Subject Source Indirect Object Goal / receiver give

Give is the most frequent for our purpose Most frequent verbs of possession

After-verb construct • What do you notice? • The indirect object is after the verb (usually human) • We do not use the preposition to • ‘gave’ is a verb of transfer (cause to go) • Reminder! do not say “gave to” Subject DirectObject Indirect Object Moe gave Homer a beer

After-preposition • What is different? • The indirect object is after the preposition ‘to’ • Not after the verb ‘gave’ Subject DirectObject Indirect Object Moe gave a beer to Homer

After-preposition Usually a human or someone known to us After-verb

This example of Homer is a somewhat universal, so we need to • raise awareness to patterns • explore limitations in the construction of sentences that use direct and indirect objects

Generally when the Indirect object is a physical location The Red Cross sent relief supplies to Zaire The Immigration Office moved their department to Gwacheon I sold my Soul to South Korea When do we use after-preposition?

When verbs can only be used in the after-preposition structure (announce, declare, describe, explain, or report) We reported the results to the crowd They declared a national holiday to the population (The crowd or population are not treated as having heard or received the information (direct object)) When do we use after-preposition?

When expressing an utterance “I said…” (say, shout, scream, murmur, or whisper) She shouted‘go away’ to the crowd I whispered ‘I love you’ to my dog We focus on the act of making the utterance We do not assume a change in state to the direct object (receiver) Some common errors: She shouted the crowd ‘go away’ I whispered my dog ‘I love you’ When do we use after-preposition?

When we intend to show a change in the state of receiver (generally a human) The loud music gave me a terrible headache C When do we use after-verb? A + B =

Should draw attention to the subtle differences between after-preposition and after-verb • Indicate human recipients • Describe physical location Suggested activities

You will teach one group basic grammar She sent her clothes to the laundry Finish the sentence I sent my clothes to the ____________. The rain brought ________ relief from the heat. He shouted ________ to _____________ . Underline the verbs that should not be used in the after-verb position Circle the indirect objects that have human recipients

Task 1) Underline the verbs that should not be used in the after-verb position Task 2) Choose two of the verbs you underlined and make two sentences about yourself using after-preposition Task 3) Choose two of the verbs you did not underline and make two sentences. cry describe send Scream report give whisper mention bring taught shout

In pairs, look at the sentences and circle the person or thing (entity) which benefits from the action. • I got you a present • I manufactured concept cars for Hyundai. • My daughter made me a card. • She redistributed business plans for Samsung. • In these sentences, what can be said about the verbs and the location (after-verb/after • prep) of the beneficiary? • . • In pairs, look at the sentences and circle the person or thing (entity) which benefits from the action. • I got you a present • I manufactured concept cars for Hyundai. • My daughter made me a card. • She redistributed business plans for Samsung. • In these sentences, what can be said about the verbs and the location (after-verb/after • prep) of the beneficiary? • . Task 1

Beneficiary – “…the receiver benefits from the action…” [25] I’m getting a present for Keiko for Keiko “…the basic role of the indirect object is that of beneficiary.” Creating, Getting and Benefiting

S = source E = created/obtained entity B = beneficiary S B  E S  E  B (not possessing) AFTER-PREPOSITION Source Action Created/obtained entity Goal S cause E for the benefit of B I cooked dinner for you. She got a present for me. We prepared ice cream for them. LATIN GERM. LATIN (possessing) AFTER-VERB Source Action Beneficiary/possessor Created/obtained S cause B to benefit by having E She made her daughtera new dress Hugo got themfootball tickets I ‘ll fix youa nice cold beer. GERM. GERM. GERM.

“…words associated with a particular pattern can be allocated to groups, or classes, according to their meaning” “...they are representatives of classes of verbs to do with transferring (give, hand, lend, pass, promise etc.) or to do with providing a service of some kind (bring, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, make etc.) or with communicating messages (ask, post, send, teach, tell, write etc.). ” “…it is important to help learners by identifying the frequent members of each class of verb and drawing them together.” (p. 169-170) Willis (2003): Class, Predictability

In the following sentences, underline the object (indirect or direct) which is longer (uses more articles, descriptions, etc.). • Give me a break! • Send a message to the manager. • He handed her a large brown manilla envelope stuffed with hundred dollar bills. • Later, she gave that envelope to a shirt bedraggled man sitting by the side of the road holding a sign that read “Will work for food.” • In these sentences, in what position (beginning/end) do the longer objects occur? • In the following sentences, underline the object (indirect or direct) which is longer (uses more articles, descriptions, etc.). • Give me a break! • Send a message to the manager. • He handed her a large brown manilla envelope stuffed with hundred dollar bills. • Later, she gave that envelope to a shirt bedraggled man sitting by the side of the road holding a sign that read “Will work for food.” • In these sentences, in what position (beginning/end) do the longer objects occur? Task 2

“The longer expression (between indirect and direct object phrases) tends to be placed at the end” [32] Give mea break [38] Send thema message they won’t forget. [39] He handed hera large brown manilla envelope stuffed with hundred dollar bills. [40] Later, she gave that envelope to a shirt bedraggled man sitting by the side of the road holding a sign that read “Will work for food.” End-Weight Context (given before new) Linguistic Distance (give me = gimme)

Put brackets round the DIRECT OBJECTS and underline the INDIRECT OBJECTS. Could you pass me some mustard please? We wrote letters to everyone in the government. I fight for the glory of the Earth. Count the number of syllables in the direct and indirect objects . What do you notice about the number of syllables in the indirect objects in relation to their position? Indirect direct indirect --------- ----------- XXXX XXXX ----------- ---------- 3. --------- ----------- XXXXX Put brackets round the DIRECT OBJECTS and underline the INDIRECT OBJECTS. Could you pass me (some mustard) please? We wrote (letters) to everyone in the government. He handed (a note) to one of the guards.. Count the number of syllables in the direct and indirect objects . What do you notice about the number of syllables in the indirect objects in relation to their position? Indirect direct indirect 1 3 XXXX XXXX 2 8 3. 2 4 XXXXX Task 3

Indirect Objects