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Solutions

Solutions. Properties of Water Solutions. Predict the % water in the following foods. Predict the % water in the following foods. 88% water 94% water 85% water 86% water. Water in the Body. water gain water loss liquids 1000 mL urine 1500 mL

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Solutions

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  1. Solutions Properties of Water Solutions

  2. Predict the % water in the following foods

  3. Predict the % water in the following foods 88% water 94% water 85% water 86% water

  4. Water in the Body water gain water loss liquids 1000 mL urine 1500 mL food 1200 mL perspiring 300 mL cells 300 mL exhaling 600 mL feces 100 mL Calculate the total water gain and water loss Total ______ mL _____ mL

  5. Water • Most common solvent • A polar molecule O- a hydrogen bond H + H +

  6. Hydrogen Bonds Attract Polar Water Molecules

  7. Explore:Surface Tension • Fill a glass to the brim with water • How many pennies can you add to the glass without causing any water to run over? Predict _________________ Actual _________________ • Explain your results

  8. Explore 1. Place some water on a waxy surface. Why do drops form? 2. Carefully place a needle on the surface of water. Why does it float? What happens if you push it through the water surface? 3. Sprinkle pepper on water. What does it do? Add a drop of soap. What happens?

  9. Surface Tension • Water molecules within water hydrogen bond in all directions • Water molecules at surface cannot hydrogen bond above the surface, pulled inward • Water surface behaves like a thin, elastic membrane or “skin” • Surfactants (detergents) undo hydrogen bonding

  10. Solute and Solvent Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances • Solute The substance in the lesser amount • Solvent The substance in the greater amount

  11. Nature of Solutes in Solutions • Spread evenly throughout the solution • Cannot be separated by filtration • Can be separated by evaporation • Not visible, solution appears transparent • May give a color to the solution

  12. Types of Solutions air O2 gas and N2 gas gas/gas gaseosa CO2 gas in water gas/liquid seawater NaCl in water solid/liquid brass copper and zinc solid/solid

  13. Discussion Give examples of some solutions and explain why they are solutions.

  14. Test yourself (1) element (2) compound (3) solution A. water 1 2 3 B. sugar 1 2 3 C. salt water 1 2 3 D. air 1 2 3 E. tea 1 2 3

  15. Answers (1) element (2) compound (3) solution A. water 2 B. sugar 2 C. salt water 3 D. air 3 E. tea 3

  16. Test yourself Identify the solute and the solvent. A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper solute = 1) zinc 2) copper solvent = 1) zinc 2) copper B. 100 g H2O+5 g KCl solute = 1) KCl 2) H2O solvent = 1) KCl 2) H2O

  17. Answers A. brass: 20 g zinc + 50 g copper solute = 1) zinc solvent = 2) copper B. 100 g H2O+5 g KCl solute = 1) KCl solvent = 2) H2O

  18. Test yourself Identify the solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g sugar (1) + 100 mL water (2) B. 60.0 mL ethyl alcohol(1) and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2) C. 55.0 mL water (1) and 1.50 g NaCl (2) D. Air: 200 mL O2(1) + 800 mL N2 (2)

  19. Answer Identify the solute in each of the following solutions: A. 2 g sugar (1) B. 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol (2) C. 50 g NaCl (2) D. 200 mL O2 (1)

  20. Like dissolves like A ____________ solvent such as water is needed to dissolve polar solutes such as sugar and ionic solutes such as NaCl. A ___________solvent such as hexane (C6H14) is needed to dissolve non-polar solutes such as oil or grease.

  21. Self test Which of the following solutes will dissolve in water? Why? 1) Na2SO4 2) gasoline 3) I2 4) HCl

  22. Answer Which of the following solutes will dissolve in water? Why? 1) Na2SO4 Yes, polar (ionic) 2) gasoline No, non-polar 3) I2 No, nonpolar 4) HCl Yes, Polar

  23. Formation of a Solution H2O Hydration Na+ Cl- Na+ Dissolved solute Cl- H2O Na+ Cl- solute

  24. Writing An Equation for a Solution When NaCl(s) dissolves in water, the reaction can be written as H2O NaCl(s) Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) solid separation of ions in water

  25. Self test Solid LiCl is added to some water. It dissolves because A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom(-) of water 2) hydrogen atom(+) of water B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom(-) of water 2) hydrogen atom(+) of water

  26. Answer Solid LiCl is added to some water. It dissolves because A. The Li+ ions are attracted to the 1) oxygen atom(-) of water B. The Cl- ions are attracted to the 2) hydrogen atom(+) of water

  27. Rate of Solution You are making a chicken stock using an oxo cube. What are some things you can do to make it dissolve faster? • Crush it • Use hot water (increase temperature) • Stir it

  28. Self test You need to dissolve some gelatin in water. Indicate the effect of each of the following on the rate at which the gelatin dissolves as (1) increase, (2) decrease, (3) no change A. ___Heating the water B. ___Using large pieces of gelatin C. ___Stirring the solution

  29. Answer You need to dissolve some gelatin in water. Indicate the effect of each of the following on the rate at which the gelatin dissolves as (1) increase, (2) decrease, (3) no change A. 1 Heating the water B. 2 Using large pieces of gelatin C. 2 Stirring the solution

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