Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 I Can identify the effects of the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment Warm-up The geography of the early American colonies affected the economy. In New England, people farmed rocky soil and grew crops despite short growing seasons. Swift rivers provided fresh water and, later, water power. Abundant forests and harbors contributed to shipbuilding, sea trade, and the fishing industry. In contrast, the Southern Colonies had a longer growing season, and tidewater rivers provided large amounts of fertile soil. Slaves worked on large tidewater plantations. 1.) Which of the following statements best describes the differences between the economies of the New England colonies and the Southern Colonies? A.) Farming was more important I the New England than in the South. B.) Shipbuilding was as important in the South as in New England. C.) New England found wealth in their coastal waters and forests, while the southerners found wealth in agriculture. D.) New England farmers had many advantages compared to the South, including the growing season, fertile soil, and a supply of cheap labor.

2. *Cheap farmland and plentiful natural resources gave colonists a chance to prosper- in England fewer than 5% of the people owned land and land rarely went up for sale. *Land ownership gave colonists political rights, but only white male landowners or property owners could vote - some city-dwellers who paid a fee could vote. *Landownership determined social status among colonists since there was no class of nobles in America - Large landowners were upper class; small farmers who owned their own land were middle class; and servants, slaves, and hired workers were lower class. 1.) Colonial women held the same rank as their husbands or fathers and seats in church were assigned by rank. I.) Land, Rights, and Wealth

3. *Colonial women were not landholders, but performed work essential to the economy - most women were farm wives who performed tasks and made products their families needed. *Cash was scarce so wives had to barter or trade with neighbors for goods they needed. *Women in towns and cities did the same type of housework rural women did in addition to running businesses and inns - despite their contributions, women had few rights and couldn't vote. II. Women and the Economy

4. *Colonial families were large with an average of six to eight children - more children meant more workers - three or four year-olds were expected to be useful around the farm. 1. At age six, boys were "breeched", meaning they were given a pair of pants like the men wore. 2. At age eleven, young boys left their families to apprentice or learn a trade from an experienced craftsman - girls learned sewing and household skills from their mothers or were sent away to learn other specialized skills like weaving and cheese making. III. Young People at Work

5. *Most colonial children were taught to read so they could understand the Bible - wealthy children were taught writing and arithmetic from tutors or in private schools. 1. Some poor children learned to read from their mothers or in "dame schools" where women used the Bible to teach children to read - for most children, formal education ended at age seven. *Colonial American had a high literacy rate as measured by how many people could sign their names. 1. In New England, 85 percent of white males were literate compared to 60 percent in England. 2. In the Middle Colonies 65 percent of white males were literate, and in the Southern Colonies 50 percent were literate - teaching enslaved Africans to read was illegal. IV. Colonial Schooling

6. *Most books were imported from England, but colonists slowly began to print their own - Almanacs which included a calendar, weather predictions and farming advice, became popular *Benjamin Franklin began publishing Poor Richard's Almanac in 1732 - Mary Rowlandson's captivity narrative The Sovereignty and Goodness of God published in 1682 described her captivity among Native Americans during King Phillip's War. V. Newspapers and Books

7. *In the 1730s a religious movement called the Great Awakening swept through the colonies as traveling preachers taught that inner religious emotion was more important than outward religious behavior. 1. Jonathan Edwards terrified listeners with images of God's anger but promised they could be saved The great Awakening lasted for years and changed colonial culture as members left their old churches and joined other groups like the Baptists - overall 20,000 - 50,000 new members joined churches. *George Whitfield drew thousands of listeners and raised funds to start a home for orphans *The Great Awakening encouraged ideas of equality and the right to challenge authority - which contributed to the revolutionary movement when the colonies declared independence years later. VI. The Great Awakening

8. *Unlike the religious emotion stressed by the Great Awakening, the Enlightenment emphasized reason and science as the paths to knowledge and was favored mostly by wealthy and educated men like famous American Enlightenment figure Benjamin Franklin *The Enlightenment began in Europe as scientists like Isaac Newton discovered laws such as the law of gravity, that governed the universe. John Locke applied the idea of natural law to society when he argued that people have the natural right to life, liberty, and property. 1. Locke argued that people create government to protect their natural rights and if the government fails in its duty, the people have the right to change it. 2. Locke also challenged the divine right of kings to rule. *Enlightenment ideas of natural rights caused colonists to begin to wonder if the British government really protected their rights and freedoms. VII. The Enlightenment

9. Chapter 5 Section 2 • Roots of Representative Government • I can identify the rights the colonists expected as English subjects. • Warm-up • 1.Arduous- requiring great exertion or endurance, difficult, strenuous • 2.Articles of Confederation- first constitution of the United States adopted by the 13 original colonies in 1781. Had a weak federal government • 3.Authority- power or right to act, command, enforce obedience or make decisions • 4.Basely Dishonorable- low status of being without or lacking honor • 5.Belligerent- hostile, eager or willing to fight, to antagonize • 6.Bicameral- consisting of 2 legislative chambers, houses or branches • 7. “Canvassed” Debate- a debate that is examined carefully, scrutinized, to solicit votes, opinions, orders or contributions for a debate • 8.Characterized- the result that helps to define the identity, or thought of as belonging to a person or thing

10. A. The Rights of Englishmen granted colonists certain rights under English law. 1. In 1215, a group of English nobles forced King John to accept the Magna Carta which limited the powers of the king and guaranteed rights to noblemen and freedmen a. no property seizure by the king or his officials, b. no taxes without approval by a council of prominent men, c. could not be put on trial without witnesses, and punished only by a jury of their peers. B. Over time these rights were extended to all English people, not just nobles and freedmen. I.) The Rights of Englishmen

11. A. The right to elect representatives to government was very important to English citizens. 1. Parliament - England's primary lawmaking body and the colonists' model for representative government – had two houses; the House of Lords and the House of Commons. a. Members of the House of Commons were elected by the people b. Members of the House of Lords were non-elected nobles, judges, and church officials B. Colonists wanted to have a say in the laws governing them, so they formed their own elected assemblies like the House of Burgesses in Virginia, and the General Assembly in Pennsylvania 1. These governing bodies imposed taxes and managed the colonies though they were still under British rule. 2. Royal governors ruled on the king's behalf and Parliament, despite having no colonial representatives to speak for them, passed laws that affected the colonies C. Clashes between the colonists and the royal governors over how much power England should have in America intensified in the late 1600s. II. Parliament and Colonial Government

12. III. A Royal Governor's Rule • A. When King James II became king in 1685 he wanted to rule England and its colonies with absolute authority - this threatened the colonies tradition of self-government. • 1. The Northern colonies, like Massachusetts, had been ignoring the Navigation Acts claiming that England had no right to make laws for them - the previous king, Charles II had then cancelled their charter • 2. King James combined Massachusetts and the other Northern colonies into the Dominion of New England and appointed Edmund Andros as royal governor. • B. Andros ended representative assemblies - allowed town meetings to be held only once per year. • 1. Colonists responded by refusing to pay taxes since they had no voice in government. • 2. Colonists sent Increase Mather to England to plead their case before King James – however revolution in England swept King James and Governor Andros from power.

13. IV. England's Glorious Revolution • A. Parliament had decided to overthrow King James for ignoring its rights – in 1685, the king had dismissed Parliament and had been trying to pack Parliament with pro-Catholic officials • 1. Outraged, the Protestant leadership in Parliament offered the throne to James’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange – the ruler of the Netherlands. • 2. Having little support, King James fled the country at the end of 1688 – Parliament named William and Mary the new monarchs of England; this change of leadership was called the Glorious Revolution. • B. William and Mary agreed to uphold the English Bill of Rights which established the important principle that government be based on laws established by Parliament not on desires of the king. • C. The rights of English people were strengthened and the colonists quickly claimed these same rights and jailed Governor Andros.

14. V. Shared Power in the Colonies • A. After the Glorious Revolution, colonies could once again elect representatives and hold assemblies and shared power with the royal governor. • 1. Assemblies were responsible for paying the governor – if he blocked the assembly, he might not get paid. • 2. Most colonial assemblies had an advisory council appointed by the royal governor – this system was based on the principles established by the Magna Carta. • B. During the first half of the 17th century, England stayed out of colonial affairs in a policy called salutary neglect

15. VI. The Zenger Trial • A. In 1735, John Peter Zenger the publisher of the New-York Weekly, publicly criticized New York’s governor for corruption – which was illegal at the time. • B. A t the trial, Andrew Hamilton defended Zenger arguing people had the right to speak the truth – the jury agreed helping to establish the freedom of the press.

16. Chapter 5 Section 3I can explain how the British won the French and Indian War. • Warm-up • 1492-Columbus reaches the New World • 1519-Cortes Conquers Mexico City • 1607-First English colony in New World founded Jamestown, Virginia • 1682-La Salle claims all land drained by Mississippi River for France • 1776-U.S. Declaration of Independence Written • 1803-Louisiana Purchase gives America a vast new territory • 1821-Mexico, including Texas, becomes Independent from Spain • 1832-Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico • 1836-Texans win independence from Mexico at San Jacinto • 1845-Texas joins the U.S. as the 28th State • 1.) The U.S. Declaration of Independence was written before • A.) Jamestown was founded • B.) Mexico Gained independence from Spain • C.) Cortes conquered Mexico City • D.) La Salle explored Louisiana • 2.) Which occurred after the purchase of Louisiana? • A.) La Salle claimed all land drained by the Mississippi River • B.) Columbus reached the New World • C.) the U.S. Declaration of Independence was written • D.) Santa Anna became President of Mexico.

17. I. France Claims Western Lands • A. By the late 1600s, France had claimed the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys, and the entire Great lakes Region – the French territory of Louisiana claimed by La Salle in 1682 extended from the Appalachian Mountains to the Rocky Mountains. • B. The French built Quebec and Montreal along the St. Lawrence River - by 1760, the French colony New France had a population of 80,000 compared to the British population of over a million.

18. II. Native American Alliances • A. The fur trade created economic and military alliances between Europeans and their Native American trade partners: The Huron and Algonquin were allied with the French - the Iroquois were allied with the Dutch and later the English. • 1. Alliances between the Europeans and their Native American allies led to their involvement in each other’s wars. • B. When France and England declared war on each other in Europe in 1689, French and English colonists also began to fight – they and their Native American allies attacked each other’s forts and settlements. • 1. During the 1700s, two more wars between France and England carried over into their colonies. • 2. The final war – the French and Indian War (1754 and 1763) - decided which nation would control northern and eastern North America.

19. III. Conflict in the Ohio River Valley • A. In the 1750s British fur traders began moving into the Ohio River Valley alarming the French and their Native American allies - Charles De Langlade attacked and destroyed the British village of Pickawillany in 1752. • B. The French built forts to protect the Ohio River Valley which upset the Virginia Colony - In 1753, a young major named George Washington was sent to tell the French to leave - the French refused so the British then built a fort where Pittsburgh stands today. • 1. The French captured the fort naming it Fort Duquesne - Washington heard of the surrender of Fort Duquesne and began building Fort Necessity. • C. The French then attacked and captured Fort Necessity; the French and Indian War had begun – This war became part of the worldwide Seven Years War between France and Britain. • D. Benjamin Franklin was the first to suggest the colonies unite together against the French in his Albany Plan of Union; his plan called for a Grand Council which would collect taxes, raise an army, and make treaties - Colonial legislatures later rejected the plan.

20. IV. Braddock's Defeat • A. In 1755, British General Edward Braddock was sent to Virginia along with 2,100 soldiers to march on Fort Duquesne - Washington was at his side. • 1. On July 9th, less than 900 French and Indian troops surprised Braddock's forces • B. Braddock refused to listen to Washington's suggestion to break ranks and fight from the trees - 1,000 soldiers were wounded or killed including General Braddock.

21. V. The British Take Quebec • A. British Secretary of State William Pitt sent the England's best generals to the colonies and by August 1759, the British controlled six French forts and had begun their attack on Quebec. • 1. Guarded by cannon and thousands of soldiers, Quebec sat on cliffs 300 feet above the St. Lawrence River - British general James Wolfe sailed around the fort for two months unable to capture it until a scout found a hidden path up the cliffs. • 2. Wolfe was able to climb the cliffs at night and surprise the French - after a fierce battle both Wolfe and the French commander, Montcalm were killed. • B. The French surrendered and the Battle of Quebec was over - The Battle of Quebec was the turning point of the war - Montreal fell the following year and all of Canada was in British hands.

22. VI. The Treaty of Paris • A. Britain and France fought in other parts of the world for three more years - when the Seven Years War was over, Britain had won. • 1. The Treaty of Paris gave Britain all of North America east of the Mississippi River - France gave Spain New Orleans and Louisiana as a reward for its help - Spain then gave Florida to the British in exchange for Cuba and the Philippines. • Blue=Great Britain Allies • Green=France Allies

23. Albany Plan of Union • Plan called for each colony to send representatives to a Grand Council. This council could collect taxes, raise armies, make treaties, and start new settlements. • They did not want to give up control of their own affairs.

24. William Pitt

25. I Can answer Chapter 5 questions on a review • Give a level 3, 2, and 1 question from your house in your binder on 1607 Jamestown, Virginia first permanent English settlement. • Level 3 • Level 2 • Level 1