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Civilizations and Empires

Civilizations and Empires. Trade Routes of the Eastern Hemisphere. During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa and Asia. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere (1000 – 1500 C.E.).

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Civilizations and Empires

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  1. Civilizations and Empires Trade Routes of the Eastern Hemisphere

  2. During the medieval period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. • These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa and Asia

  3. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere (1000 – 1500 C.E.) • Silk Routes across Asia to the Mediterranean Basin

  4. Maritime (sea) routes across the Indian Ocean

  5. Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa

  6. Northern European links with the Black Sea (Baltic Sea to Black Sea)

  7. Western European sea and river trade

  8. South China Sea routes

  9. Land routes across Southeast Asia

  10. Regional trade networks and long-distance trade in the Eastern Hemisphere aided in the diffusion (spread) and exchange of technology and culture among Europe, Africa and Asia

  11. Goods trades • Gold from West Africa

  12. Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean

  13. Textiles from India, China, the Middle East and later Europe

  14. Porcelain from China and Persia

  15. Amber from the Baltic region

  16. Technology • Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe • New crops from India (for making sugar) • Waterwheels and windmills from the Middle East

  17. Navigational technology • The compass from China • The lateen sail from India

  18. Spread of Ideas • Printing and paper money spread from China • Religions spread across the hemisphere • Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan • Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia • Islam into West Africa, Central Asia and Southeast Asia

  19. Civilizations and Empires Japan

  20. Japanese cultural development was influences by proximity (being near) China. Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture

  21. Location Separated from Asia mainland by the Sea of Japan (or East Sea) Close to China and Korea Mountainous archipelago of four main islands

  22. Influence of Chinese culture Writing Chinese writing Japanese writing

  23. Influence of Chinese CultureArchitecture Chinese architecture Osaka castle (Japan)

  24. Influence of Chinese CultureBuddhism Japanese Buddha Chinese Buddha

  25. Shinto Ethnic religion unique to Japan Coexists with Buddhism

  26. Shinto beliefs Importance of natural features, forces of nature and ancestors States religion that used to include worship of the Emperor (before WWII)

  27. Civilizations and Empires Africa

  28. African civilizations developed in sub-Saharan west and east Africa. Trade brought important cultural and religious influences to Africa from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period including Ghana, Mali and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa and Zimbabwe in southeastern Africa.

  29. Axum • Located near the Ethiopian highlands and Nile River • Was a Christian kingdom • King Ezana converted about 350 C.E.

  30. Zimbabwe Located near Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers and the Indian Ocean coast City of “Great Zimbabwe” was the capital of a prosperous empire

  31. West African Kingdoms • Ghana, Mali and Songhai • Located near Niger River and the Sahara desert

  32. Trade • Trans=Saharan trade • Gold and salt

  33. Timbuktu City of Timbuktu was a center of Islamic learning and of trade

  34. Religions Islam was brought by trade and conquest Animism was indigenous religion

  35. Civilizations and Empire Western Hemisphere

  36. The Mayan, Aztec and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America and Mexico

  37. Mayan Civilization • Located in Mexican and Central American rainforests • Yucatan Peninsula • Modern Honduras and Guatemala

  38. Government and Economy Groups of city-states ruled by kings Major cities included Palenque and Chichen Itza Economy was based on agriculture and trade

  39. Religion Was polytheistic Built pyramids Also created calendars and had a hieroglyphic writing system

  40. Aztec Civilization • Located in arid valley in Central Mexico

  41. Government and Economy Ruled by an Emperor Capital city was Tenochtitlan (located where Mexico City is today) Economy was based on agriculture and tribute from conquered people

  42. Religion Was polytheistic Built pyramids Rituals included human sacrifice

  43. Incan Civilization Located in the Andes Mountains of South America

  44. Government and Economy Ruled by an Emperor Major cities included Machu Picchu and Cuzco Economy based on high altitude agriculture Built a road system to facilitate trade and communication

  45. Religion • Polytheistic • Created the Nazca lines • Did not have a writing system • Used quipus to keep records

  46. Achievements of Mayan, Aztec and Incan Civilizations Calendars Mathematics Writing and other record-keeping systems

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