Hypotheses

1. 8 Hypotheses

2. Learning Objectives • Determine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies • Identify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses • Describe Classifications Of Hypotheses • Distinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses

3. Learning Objectives Compare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses Differentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses List The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis Discuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses

4. Learning Objectives Recognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories Determine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed Critique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports

5. Learning Objective OneDetermine The Purposes Of Hypotheses In Research Studies

6. Purposes of Hypotheses • Lend objectivity to investigations • Test theoretical propositions • Advance scientific knowledge • Guide research design • Dictate statistical analysis used • Show researcher’s expectations

7. Hypotheses and Nursing Research • More important than ever • Evidence-based practice • Practices based on research studies

8. Learning Objective TwoIdentify Sources Or Rationale For Study Hypotheses

9. Sources or Rationale for Hypotheses • Theories • Personal experience • Previous research studies

10. Framework As a Source • Theoretical or conceptual • Most important source • Propositional statement isolated, tested

11. Previous Studies As a Source • Test assumptions • Test hypothesis based on findings

12. Personal Experience As a Source • Induction • Observation • Empirical generalization • Hypothesis • Literature review

13. Learning Objective ThreeDescribe Classifications Of Hypotheses

14. Types of Hypotheses • Simple • Complex

15. Types of Hypotheses • Research hypothesis • Null hypothesis

16. Research Hypotheses • Directional • Nondirectional

17. Learning Objective FourDistinguish Between Simple And Complex Hypotheses

18. Simple Hypothesis • Bivariate • Relationship between one independent and one dependent variable • Independent variable: cause, first chronologically • Dependent variable: effect

19. Complex Hypothesis • Multivariate • Relationship between • Two or more independent variables • Two or more dependent variables • Both

20. Which to Use? • Divide complex hypothesis into two or more simple hypotheses • Avoid partial support crisis • Use complex hypothesis • Interaction effect

21. Learning Objective FiveCompare Null Hypotheses And Research Hypotheses

22. Null Hypothesis • H0 • Predicts no relationship between variables • Statistically analyzed

23. Research Hypothesis • H1 • Alternative, scientific, substantive, theoretical • States expected relationship between variables • Can be directional or nondirectional

24. Preference for Research Hypothesis • Clarify study’s framework • Demonstrate researcher’s critical thinking • Based on theoretical framework

25. Statistical Analyses • Evaluates the null hypothesis • Significance level in nursing at or below .05

26. Both Null and Research Hypothesis • Researcher expects no correlations between variables. • Researcher expects no difference between groups being compared.

27. Learning Objective SixDifferentiate Nondirectional And Directional Research Hypotheses

28. Nondirectional Research Hypotheses • Predicts relationship between variables • Does not predict direction of relationship • Example: There Is a Relationship Between Serotonin Levels and SIDS.

29. Directional Research Hypotheses • Predicts the direction of the relationship • Example: People Who Smoke Are More Likely to Develop Lung Cancer Than Those Who Do Not.

30. Advantages of Directions Research Hypotheses • Researcher’s expectations clear • More precise testing of theoretical propositions • One-tailed statistical tests

31. Reasons to Use Nondirectional Research Hypotheses • No theory to base prediction on • Previous research findings contradictory

32. Learning Objective SevenList The Criteria To Be Considered When Formulating A Hypothesis

33. A Hypothesis Should • Be written in a declarative sentence • Be written in the present tense • Contain the population • Contain the variables • Reflect the problem statement, purpose statement, and research question • Be empirically testable

34. Learning Objective EightDiscuss The Format For Writing Hypotheses

35. Hypothesis Format • A correlational statement • A comparative statement • Statistical analysis

36. Predictive Terms • Examples • Less • Greater • Decrease in • Negative correlation

37. Learning Objective NineRecognize The Use Of Hypotheses In The Testing Of Theories

38. Hypotheses in Testing Theories • Test proposition, not entire theory • Cannot be proved or disproved

39. Null Hypotheses, Research Hypotheses, and Theories • Null hypothesis rejected → research hypothesis supported • Research hypothesis supported → theory supported • Research hypothesis not supported → theory not supported

40. Learning Objective TenDetermine The Types Of Studies For Which Hypotheses Are Not Needed

41. Need for Hypotheses • Relationship between variables being studied

42. When Are Hypotheses Not Needed? • Qualitative studies • Single-variable descriptive studies • Methodological studies

43. Research Questions • In place of hypotheses in some studies • In addition to hypotheses related to other areas of interest concerning topic

44. Learning Objective ElevenCritique Study Hypotheses And Research Questions In Research Reports

45. Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions • Does the study contain a hypothesis or hypotheses? • Is each hypothesis clearly worded and concise? • Is it written in a declarative sentence? • Is each hypothesis directly tied to the study problem?

46. Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) • Is the study framework clearly defined with each hypothesis derived from it? • Does each hypothesis contain the population and at least two variables? • Is each hypothesis stated as a directional research hypothesis? If not, is a rationale given for the type employed?

47. Critiquing Hypotheses and Research Questions (cont’d) • Is it apparent that each hypothesis can be empirically tested? • Does each hypothesis contain only one prediction?