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Protein Synthesis. Transcription and Translation. The Central Dogma. The information encoded with the DNA nucleotide sequence of a double helix is transferred to a mRNA molecule. The mRNA molecule travels out of the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome
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Protein Synthesis Transcription and Translation
The Central Dogma • The information encoded with the DNA nucleotide sequence of a double helix is transferred to a mRNA molecule. • The mRNA molecule travels out of the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome • Using the RNA nucleotide sequence and the genetic code, the ribosome assembles a protein
The Central Dogma (brief) • DNA is copied to mRNA • mRNA is used as blueprint to make protein
DNA Protein: in 3 easy steps! • Transcription • RNA modification • Translation
Genes and DNA • A gene is a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides • For each specific protein used by a cell, there is a specific DNA sequence (gene) located on a chromosome • 1 gene 1 polypeptide
RNA Structure • RNA (ribonucleic acid) are nucleotides very similar to DNA • Nitrogenous bases include Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Uracil (instead of Thymine) • Form three basic structures • mRNA – messenger RNA • rRNA – ribosomal RNA • tRNA – transfer RNA
RNA vs DNA • RNA has an oxygen on the 2’ carbon of the ribose sugar
RNA vs DNA • RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded • GCAT vs CUGA
Types of RNA molecules • mRNA (messenger): • Relays DNA sequence information to ribosome • rRNA (ribosomal): • Combines with proteins to form ribosomes • tRNA (transfer): • Acts as bridge between nucleotide sequence and growing polypeptide chain
Transcription • The process by which the nucleotide base sequence of a DNA molecule is copied into a mRNA molecule • 3 steps: • Initiation • Elongation • Termination • Proteins required: • RNA polymerase • Transcription factors
RNA Polymerase • Creates a mRNA molecule complimentary to template strand of DNA • Works in the 5’ 3’ direction • Requires transcription factors to begin its work
Initiation • Proteins called transcription factors bind to DNA region upstream from gene • Proteins bind to region called promoter • RNA polymerase attaches to double helix at beginning of gene
Elongation • RNA polymerase creates a mRNA molecule with bases complimentary to the template strand • Template strand = Anti-sense strand
Termination • RNA polymerase reaches end of gene and detaches from double helix • mRNA transcript is released
Animations • Transcription showing full complex • Transcription – cool sounds
Sense or Anti-sense? • The sense strand of a gene has the same base sequence as the mRNA transcript • The anti-sense strand is used as the template
Transcript Modification • Before a mRNA transcript exits the nucleus it is modified in 3 three (tres) ways… • Addition of 5’ cap • Addition of poly-A tail • Removal of introns
5’ cap and poly-A tail • Protective cap is placed on 5’ end • A long repetitive sequence of adenine nucleotides are added to 3’ end, also for protection
mRNA splicing • Not all of a transcribed DNA sequence will be translated • Genes are composed of introns and exons • Introns are removed from mRNA transcripts by splicosomes
Transcription Review • How is RNA polymerase similar to DNA polymerase III? How are they different? • Will the mRNA transcript have the same nucleotide sequence as the sense or anti-sense strand of DNA? • How are RNA and DNA different? • Name 3 things that happen during mRNA modification.
Translation • messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded at a ribosome to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the genetic code. • 4 steps: • Activation • Initiation • Elongation • Termination • Requires: • Ribosomes (rRNA + proteins), mRNA, tRNA, and amino acids
Activation • Amino acid is joined with the correct tRNA • Reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase • Occurs continuously
tRNA - transfer • Specified amino acids are attached to tRNA • each anti-codon corresponds to the amino acid specified by the genetic code • Each tRNA has an anti-codon (3 nucleotides) • Anti-codon region base pairs with mRNA trascript
Initiation • Small ribosome subunit recognizes start sequence on mRNA and binds to it • Start codon, AUG, is recognized by tRNA carrying a Methionine amino acid • Large subunit completes the complex
Elongation • Ribosome moves down the mRNA in a 5’ 3’ direction • Every three mRNA nucleotides another amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide • 3 steps: • Codon recognition • Peptide bond formation • Translocation
Elongation: Codon Recognition • When the appropriate tRNA anticodon H-bonds to a mRNA codon at the ribosomal complex
Elongation: Peptide Bond Formation • A peptide bond is created between polypeptide chain and new amino acid • polypeptide is transferred to incoming tRNA
Elongation: Translocation • Ribosome shifts 3 nucleotides (reading frame) down mRNA transcript • tRNA unattached to polypeptide is released
Elongation Codon Recognition Peptide Bond Formation Translocation
Termination • The end of the mRNA coding sequence is reached • Stop codon is recognized by a release factor • Ribosome complex dissociates, protein is released
The Genetic Code • Each codon corresponds to a specific amino acid • Degenerate • 64 possible codons • only 20 amino acids • Several codons can code for the same amino acid • Ex. CCU, CCA, CCG, CCC = Proline • Universal • The same genetic code is used by all living organisms
Animations • Translation • Translation – no sound, basic
Summary Genetic information is encoded in the sequence of the DNA double helix. To access this information, the DNA sequence must be copied, or "transcribed", by enzymes known as RNA polymerases. The resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules carry the genetic information to the protein-synthesizing machinery, where it is used to define the amino-acid sequence, and therefore the structure and function, of proteins.