Integrating Sources

1. Integrating Sources How to effectively blend quotations, paraphrases, summary, and your own analysis to create a conversation

2. A good researched paper is a lot like a good conversation Think of each of your sources and your own argument as voices in a conversation

3. Balancing The Conversation Using the SEA structure for body paragraphs ensures good balance. Subclaim Evidence Analysis

4. An Example of the SEA Structure in Action: Another common concern is integrating autistic students’ disrupts the educational process for the other learners. Baker, Lang, and O’Reilly state “students with EBD (emotional and behavioral disorders) often engage in behavior that is disruptive in the classroom, impedes educational progress, and inhibits their ability to form and maintain peer relationships” (403). The common outbreaks and exaggerated reactions most autistic children display concerns parents that their child’s education will be sacrificed to handle these situations. Chandler-Olcott and Kluth counter this argument by noting that an autistic student’s disruptive behavior can be a warning system to a pedagogical problem (555). For example, during a common reading-writing activity in a classroom if the procedure is too unstructured and the noise level too loud many children would be quietly distracted, whereas an autistic student might start shrieking to block out the chaos (Chandler-Olcott and Kluth 555). Autistic students may react more violently to problems, but this pushes teachers to fix them more quickly for all students. The presence of autistic students in regular education classrooms can exaggerate small problems, but benefit all students in the classroom in the end.

5. Integrating Evidence • You can present evidence in a number of ways • You make your own voice heard by providing analysis of this evidence Quoting Paraphrasing + Your Analysis Summarizing *note:quotes, paraphrases, and summaries all require citations

6. What is Quoting? • Quotations are the exact words of an author, copied directly from a source, word for word. • Quotations must be cited in your text and the sources they come from listed on your “Works Cited” page (MLA format) or “References” page (APA format) Use quotations when: • You want to add the power of an author’s words to support your argument • You want to disagree with an author’s argument • You want to highlight particularly eloquent phrases or powerful passages • You are comparing and contrasting specific points of view • You want to note the important research that precedes your own (Rohrbach and Valenza cited in “What is Plagiarism?”)

7. Introducing Quotes Use signal phrases: The author… argues observes insists writes counters reveals points out implies explains concludes states suggests comments claims maintains notes says demonstrates According to… (author, character,narrator)…

8. Integrating Quotes • Splice full or partial quotes into your own words. This ensures that the evidence is paired with your analysis. • In “The Magnolia Tree,” Jake’s failure to find his purpose in life is symbolized by the deterioration of the family tree: “Its trunk leaned against Dad’s tool shed, and the branches bore no flowers despite the early spring” (Walker 32). • In Walker’s essay “The Magnolia Tree,” the ailing branches that “bore no flowers despite the early spring” symbolize the narrator’s failure to find purpose in life (32).

9. Don’t Drop, Integrate! • A dropped quote is a quote that isn’t integrated into the paper. It stands alone and is not spliced into your own words. Often, the quote is incorrectly presented in a sentence by itself: In How to Write a Research Paper, Johnson reports that a common form of plagiarism is copying and pasting text from the Internet without giving credit to the source. “Students don’t realize that computer programs, such as Turnitin, help teachers catch plagiarism” (Johnson 32). “That’s why it’s so important that students know how to properly summarize, paraphrase, and quote material”(Smythe 12). How can we improve this paragraph?

10. Making Quotations Flow • Quote: “I wish there was some character who had moved into my life forever” (Kalpakian 143). • Integrated fluidly: In Laura Kalpakian’s short story, “Little Women,” the narrator wishes “there was some character who had moved into [her] life forever” (143). The pronoun has been modified for the sake of flow. Brackets ([ ]) let the reader know a small change has been made.

11. What is Paraphrasing? • Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s idea in your own words • To properly paraphrase, you must significantly change the wording, phrasing, and sentence structure of the source. (Not just a few words!) • Follow your paraphrase with an in-text citation and cite the source on your “Works Cited” page (MLA format) or “References” page (APA format).

12. Why Use a Paraphrase Instead of a Quote? Quotation marks are like double scissors (“snip!”); they literally cut out and lift information from the original source into your paper. This is useful when the exact words of the author are important. However, if the exact words of the author are not important, paraphrase.

13. Look at the following example: Quote: “Aliens have been found to inhabit the craggy surface of the moon” (Smith, 2000). Paraphrase: Aliens were discovered on the moon (Smith, 2000). Does the exact wording make a difference?

14. How about now? Quote: “The reference to mythology in the garden calls to mind the clash of Paganism with Christianity where Medusa may rear her ugly head over Adam and Eve” (Doe 65). Paraphrase: References to garden imagery symbolize the Garden of Eden and Christianity, whereas mythology may refer to Paganism (Doe 65). In this case, the paraphrase does lose something in translation. The quote would be a more effective piece of evidence.

15. When to Paraphrase • When exact wording isn’t important • To clarify a short passage from a text • To explain the main points of a passage • To avoid overusing quotations • When reporting numerical data or specific facts (preferred in APA papers)

16. How to Paraphrase: Practice James D. Lester explains, “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only 10 % of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (qtd. in “Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words”).

17. How Did You Do? • An Acceptable paraphrase: According to James Lester, in research papers, students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoting down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (cited in “Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words”).

18. How did you do? • Original Text: James D. Lester explains, “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only 10 % of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (qtd. in “Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words”). • A Plagiarized Version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably 10 percent of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

19. What is Summarizing? • Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. • Again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to their original sources. Summarize when: • You want to establish background or offer an overview of a topic • You want to describe knowledge (from several sources) about a topic • You want to determine the main ideas of a single source

20. How to Write an Effective Summary Rather than writing a list summary that simply reiterates the author’s ideas in the exact consecutive order they appear in the original text (and then, and then, and then), write a ranking summary that recounts the author’s ideas in order of their importance to your argument.

21. List Summary of the Movie Titanic Rose, as an old woman, begins telling the story of the Titanic (Cameron). She tells how she got on the ship with her mother and fiancé (Cameron). And then how Jack won his ticket in a card game and got on the ship (Cameron). And then how she tried to commit suicide. And then how Jack saved her (Cameron)…etc.

22. Ranking Summary of the Movie Titanic(for an essay making an argument about the portrayal of social class in the film) Director James Cameron first juxtaposes social class by cutting between two scenes: Rose’s arrival to the ship and Jack’s arrival to the ship (Cameron). While she boards with other upper-class passengers including her mother and fiancé, Jack wins his ticket in a car game and makes a last minute dash to the boat from a bar (Cameron). Social class is further emphasized in the scenes in which Jack eats dinner in the first class dining room and Rose accompanies Jack to steerage for a dance (Cameron).

23. Any Questions?