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Outline. What is sprawl? Problems of sprawl Coping Strategies Transit Oriented Development Smart Growth New Urbanism Critique of coping strategies. What is Sprawl?.

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Outline

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  1. Outline • What is sprawl? • Problems of sprawl • Coping Strategies • Transit Oriented Development • Smart Growth • New Urbanism • Critique of coping strategies

  2. What is Sprawl? Low density development on the edge of cities and towns, poorly planned, land consumptive, auto-dependent, and designed without respect to its surroundings

  3. Housing At Very Low Density0.5-2 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  4. Housing At Low Density2-4 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  5. Housing At Medium Density4-7 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  6. Housing At Medium High Density7-15 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  7. Housing At High Density 15-25 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  8. Housing At Very High Density25-43 Dwelling Units/Acre Source: Planning Center, City of Clovis

  9. Traits of Sprawl • Unlimited outward extension of development • Low-density residential and commercial settlements • Leapfrog development • Fragmentation of powers over land use • Dominance of transportation by private automobiles • Segregation of types of land uses in different zones

  10. Sprawl in United States

  11. Measuring Sprawl Sprawl may be said to occur when the rate at which land is converted to non-agricultural or non-natural uses exceeds the rate of population growth • Measure: Per capita Land consumption Baltimore’s growth, 1792-1992

  12. Sprawl in American Cities

  13. Problems of Sprawl • Social problem • Alienation; poverty concentration • Economic problem • Infrastructure costs • Environmental problem • Pollution, loss of farmlands • Health problem • Obesity

  14. Annual hours of delay per person on all travel during peak hours of 6 to 9 a.m. and 4 to 7 p.m. *Includes Orange and Ventura counties. Note: Delays eased during recessionary periods due to a combination of road improvements and slower traffic growth. Source: Texas Transportation Institute's 2003 Urban Mobility Study [from LA Times, Oct. 5, 2003]

  15. Household spending on transportation, by metropolitan area, during 2000-2001: *Includes Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino and Ventura counties. **Includes Alameda, Santa Clara and Santa Cruz counties. Source: Surface Transportation Policy Project analysis of Bureau of Labor Statistics data [from Los Angeles Times, Oct. 6, 2003]

  16. Transit Oriented Development “Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is moderate to higher density development, located within an easy walk of a major transit stop, generally with a mix of residential, employment and shopping opportunities designed for pedestrians without excluding the auto. TOD can be new construction or redevelopment of one or more buildings whose design and orientation facilitate transit use.” Source: Technical Advisory Committee to the Statewide Transit-Oriented Development Study

  17. Transit Oriented Development • Neo-Traditional, New-Urbanist development • Walkable community • Reinforces the use of public transportation • High density • Mixed housing type Source: Report on Smart Infill, Greenbelt Alliance Why TOD? Provides alternatives to the consequences of • low-density suburban sprawl and • automobile- dependent land use patterns Helps reduce the shortage of affordable housing

  18. Benefits of TOD TOD can lower rates of air pollution and energy consumption TOD can help conserve resource lands and open space TOD can play a role in economic development Tool to help revitalize aging downtowns and declining urban neighborhoods, and to enhance tax revenues for local jurisdictions. TOD can decrease infrastructure costs It can help reduce overall infrastructure costs for expanding water, sewage and roads to local governments by up to 25% through more compact and infill development. TOD can contribute to more affordable housing It can add to the supply of affordable housing by providing lower-cost and accessible housing, and by reducing household transportation expenditures

  19. Innovations in Bus Service Metro RAPID, Los Angeles • Advanced Passenger Information Real-time and new multi-lingual displays • Signal Priority System High-quality signal communication • Level Boarding and Alighting Low-floor buses to provide level platform and improve access • Color-Coded Buses and Stations To share visual cues including colors and graphics themes • Enhanced Passenger Amenities Streetscape improvements, improved security lighting, and surveillance

  20. Transformation [Design Strategy]Better Use of Existing Roads & Highways Bus Rapid Transit in Center Lanes of Existing Roads

  21. Transformation [Design Strategy]Taming the Suburban HighwayWork with large adjacent landowners; project initiated by landowner at right Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  22. Taming the Suburban Highway Buildings moved up to street; landscaping & bike lanes added; parking and street grid at rear Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  23. Taming the Suburban HighwayMixed-use buildings added one at a time on adjacent properties Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  24. Taming the Suburban HighwayMixed-use buildings added one at a time on adjacent properties Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  25. Taming the Suburban HighwayMixed-use buildings added one at a time on adjacent properties Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  26. Taming the Suburban HighwayStreet trees added to median Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  27. Taming the Suburban HighwayAlternative with two lanes each way for through traffic and service lane with diagonal parking Source: Thomas Jefferson Planning District CommissionCharlottesville-Albemarle Metropolitan Planning Organization

  28. Smart growth principles • Create Range of Housing Opportunities • Create Walkable Neighborhoods • Encourage Community Collaboration • Foster Communities with a Strong Sense of Place • Mix Land Uses • Preserve Open Space, Farmland, Natural Beauty and Critical Environmental Areas • Provide a Variety of Transportation Choices • Strengthen and Direct Development Towards Existing Communities • Take Advantage of Compact Building Design

  29. New Urbanism Principles Region: Metropolis, City and Town Neighborhood, District, & Corridor Block, Street, and Building

  30. Principles of New Urbanism • Walkability • Pedestrian friendly streets • Connectivity • Integrated street network • Mixed use and Diversity • Residential,commercial • Age, income, race • Mixed housing • Quality Physical Design

  31. Principles of New Urbanism • Traditional Neighborhood Structure • Discernible center and edge • Increased Density • Compactness • Smart Transportation • Multi-modal • Sustainability • Minimal environmental impact • Quality of Life

  32. New Urbanist Projects Kentlands Laguna West Seaside 210 developments under construction or complete in the United States

  33. Seaside, FL • High density • Picket fences • Paved roads • Small setback

  34. Kentlands, MD Market Street Overlooking porch High Density

  35. San Diego, CA The Village Naval Training Center

  36. Raleigh, NC Moore Square Museums Magnet Middle School

  37. Playa Vista, CA Village Residential Commericial

  38. Playa Vista, CA High Density Housing

  39. Critique of Coping Strategies (Macro) • Historical context of urban growth • Durability of physical capital • Sprawl not environmentally problematic • Agriculture is more polluting • Freedom of choice • Residential preferences • Is compactness really desirable? • U shaped infrastructure costs • Overcrowding; noise; incompatible uses

  40. Critique of Coping Strategies (Micro) • Spatial Determinism (Harvey) • Physical solution to social/ economic issues • Untenable self-containment • Job centers/ housing duality • Increase in non-work trips • Transit Inefficiencies • Weak Sense of Community • Social equity • Elitist approach; limited mixed housing

  41. Conclusion • Prospects of coping strategies • Control of outward movement • Inner-area revitalization • Design innovation • Land and natural resources preservation • Transportation reorientation • Problems of NU for controlling sprawl • Macro level problems • Micro level problems

  42. Sprawl or New Urbanism? Mixed use Town Center Suburban Strip OR

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