“Products and Energy from Renewable Resources” PSE 104

1. “Products and Energy from Renewable Resources” PSE 104 Summer 2009

2. Agenda • Course outline • Biofules, Biochemicals and Bioenergy • Biomass chemistry

3. B.Sc.,1997, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada, Chemistry M.A.Sc., 2000, University of Toronto, Chemical Engineering and Applied Science and Environmental Engineering Ph.D., 2004, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Forestry Post Doc., 2006, UBC, Vancouver, Canada 2006, joined UW-Assistant Professor in Natural Products Chemistry Your co-instructor: Renata Bura

4. What can you expect from me? • Starting and finishing lectures on time • Responding to your e-mails (up to 2 days) • Being in my office during office hours • Teaching the best to my ability • There are no “stupid questions”

5. Rules in the classroom • Cellphones • Laptops • Rules of discussion

6. (1) Biofuels and biochemicals Biofuels Biochemicals Conversion Biomass

7. (2) Energy from renewable resources Energy

8. Bioenergy, biofuels, biomass • Bioenergy: energy derived from wood, straw or waste • Biofules: fuels produced from biomass (bioethanol, biodiesel, biobutanol) • Biomass: all the earth’s living matter is biomass • Can be burned to produce heat and power • Can be converted to biofuels • Lignocellulosic biomass: biomass composed of cellulose, lignin and other chemicals

9. Biomass • Energy crops • Wood crops • Agricultural corps • Wastes • Wood residues • Temperature crop wastes • Wheat straw, rice straw • Tropical crop waste • Rice husks • Sugar cane baggase • Municipal solid waste

10. Dedicated energy crop • Dedicated energy crop: plants grown specifically for applications other that food or feed. • Planted and harvest periodically • Annual basis (sugar cane) • 3-10 year cycle (hybrid poplar) • Dedicated energy crops contain significant quantities of one or more of 4 energy rich components • Oils • Sugars • Starches • Lignocellulose • Herbaceous energy crops (HEC) (annuals and perennials) • Sugar cane, energy cane, napiergrass, sorghum • Short-rotation wood crops (SRWC) • Willow, oak, poplar, maple, eucalyptus Napiergrass Sorghum

11. What is Bioconversion? • General: a process which uses biological agents (microorganisms or protein) to transform a feedstock into desirable products. Bioethanol • A chemical/biochemical process by which lignocellulosic materials are converted to ethanol and other co-products.

12. Why Bioconversion? • Energy • An alternative source of energy for the transportation sector produced locally • Air pollution • Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions • Waste elimination • Elimination of problems with field burning/incineration, stockpiling, etc. • Socio/economical benefits • Creation of new jobs, rural development

13. Fundamentals of biomass chemistry • Cellulose • Hemicellulose • Lignin

14. Bioethanol from Sugar Cane • Energy balance • History • Problems • Production

15. Bioethanol from Corn • Corn to ethanol • Energy balance • Problems • Production • Dry milling • Wet milling

16. Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass • Feedstock diversity • Pretreatment • Hydrolysis • Fermentation

17. Biodiesel • Why biodiesel? • How to make it? • Possible sources • Biodiesel and cars

18. How is Biomass like a Kellogs™ Rice Krispies Treat? • Your warped instructor needed some sort of an analogy to assist people in understanding biomass. • This is it. Image borrowed from Kellogs™ web site for academic purposes

19. Rice Krispies Alone • At my home, a box of Rice Krispies consists of 2 things: Rice Krispies and Rice Krispies dust. • You can pour this mixture into a bowl but you cannot stand it up or make a bar. Image borrowed from Kellogs™ web site for academic purposes

20. You also need something to preserve the bars….A variety of preservatives can be used. In order to make a solid bar, you need something to glue together the Rice Krispies and the Rice Krispies dust. Marshmallow cooked over an open flame works great. Formation of the Bar

21. Rice Krispies Treats The butter and the marshmallows are heated together forming a sticky glue type material. This is applied to the Rice Krispies and dust forming a bar which is solid when cooled.

22. What is Cellulose? • Cellulose is a large molecule made from glucose molecules (dextrose) strung together like beads on a string. • The glucose molecules are known as monomers and the cellulose chain is known as a polymer. • 1 glucose molecule= monomer • 2 linked glucose molecules= dimer • 3 linked glucose molecules= trimer • lots of linked glucose molecules = polymer

23. What is Cellulose? • Cellulose is straight chain polymer. In bead terms, imagine a very very long straight string of beads with 2 ends and no branching points. • In wood, cellulose chains contain typically 10,000 glucose molecules…quite a long sting of beads. Source: World Book Encycopedia

24. Cellulose • Very long straight chain polymer of glucose (a sugar): approximately 10,000 in a row in wood. Cotton is nearly pure cellulose. • Think about a very long string of beads with each bead being a glucose molecule. • Cellulose molecules link up in bundles and bundles of bundles and bundles of bundles of bundles to make fibers. • Uncolored polymer.

25. What are Hemicelluloses? • Hemicelluloses are also sugar polymers but different from cellulose because they are: • Made up glucose and other sugars. • Contain some molecules other than sugars. • Branched little polymers • Much smaller than cellulose as they are made up of between 50-300 sugars (Rice Krispies Dust) • There are lots of varieties of hemicelluloses.

26. Hemicelluloses • Branched little uncolored sugar polymers (~ 50 to 300 sugar units) • Composition varies between wood species. • 5 carbon sugars: xylose, arabinose. • 6 carbon sugars: mannose, galactose, glucose. • Uronic Acids: galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid. • Acetyl and methoxyl groups (acetic acid & methanol). • Major hemicelluloses: • Xylans - big in hardwoods • Glucomannans: big in softwoods • Minor hemicelluloses: pectins, others.

27. Xylan Structure 4--D-Xly-14--D-Xly-14--D-Xly-14--D-Xly4--D-Xly       4-O-Me--D-Glc   -L-Araf 

28. 14--D-Glc-14--D-Man-14--D-Man-14--D-Man-114--D-Glc-14--D-Man-14--D-Man-14--D-Man-1 6 2,3   1 Acetyl -D-Gal Glucomannan Structure • There are different structured glucomannans in hardwoods and softwoods (and within softwoods) • Glucomannans are mostly straight chained polymers with a slight amount of branching. The higher the branching, the higher the water solubility.

29. Lignin is a polymer like cellulose and hemicelluloses but is made with phenolic compounds (aromatic rings) instead of sugars. Lignins are large 3 dimensional polymers that form the glue that holds the cellulose and hemicelluloses together. Lignin has been described as 3 dimensional chicken wire. What is Lignin? Picture taken from Katy’s chicken page.

30. Lignin • Phenolic polymer - the glue that holds the fibers together. • Lignin is a very complex polymer which is connected through a variety of different types of linkages. • Colored material.

31. What are Extractives? • In the Rice Krispies model, extractives compounds were represented by preservatives added to the treats. This is a very good representation of the role of a good portion of the extractives in trees. • The term extractives refers to a large variety of different chemicals produced by the tree for a variety of reasons (protection, food storage, formation of membranes, color, etc.). • Examples: what sticks to your hand when you pick up your Christmas tree, what comes out of your tea bag with hot water.

32. Extractives • The term extractives refers to a group of unique chemical compounds which can be removed from plant materials through extraction with various solvents. • Typically these chemicals constitute only a small portion of the tree (<5%). • In some tropical species this can be as high as 25%. • Extractives are produced by plants for a variety of uses. • The most common use by plants is protection. • Extractives can cause serious problems for processing. • Pitch is a term which is often used when describing some groups of extractives. • Extractives are responsible for the characteristic color and odor of wood.

33. Putting all of the components together and you get biomass. The cellulose and the hemicelluloses held together with lignin. Taking the lignin away through chemical processes (pulping and bleaching) leaves these fibers of cellulose and hemicelluloses. Putting it All Together Picture from Focus Forest Products Web Site

34. What is the chemical makeup of wood? * Data for Cellulose, Hemicellulose & Lignin on extractive free wood basis