The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975 Chapter 31

1. The Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1975Chapter 31

2. The Cold War

3. The United Nations, est. 1945 • Perception of the Soviet Union in the eyes of Western leaders. • Soviet leaders felt themselves pressured by North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949). • Organization • General Assembly • Grew as decolonization in Africa occurred • Goals: • Security Council • Secretary General • Seldom effective

4. Capitalism and Communism • New monetary system (1944-46) • Western capitalists • International Monetary Fund • World Bank • Soviet Union • Closed monetary system • U.S. prospered during and after WW2 • American Marshall Plan

5. European Economic Management • Organization of European Economic Cooperation 1948 • European Economic Community/ Common Market 1957 • European Community1970 • Soviet, East European Economy • Relied on government • Unable to match competition

6. West Versus East in Europe and Korea • Rapid est. of communists regimes in E. Europe led to the U.S. to perceive the Soviet Union as a worldwide enemy. • Result: • Truman Doctrine 1947 • NATO 1949 • Soviet Response: • Warsaw Pact 1955

7. Soviets and West test each others resolve • Soviet Blockade of West Berlin 1948-49 • Berlin Wall 1961 • West’s instigation of Yugoslavia and Soviet Union • Soviet power was used to ensure the obedience of E. European nations • Hungary • Czechoslovakia

8. 1948 North Korea and South Korea est. • Korean War 1950 • Proxy war

9. U.S. Defeat in Vietnam • Viet Cong (N. Vietnam) v. S. Vietnam • President Kennedy sent troops to help S. Vietnamese • President Johnson supported unlimited U.S. deployment • Failed in 1973 • By 1975 troops took over Vietnam

10. Effects of Vietnam War • Anti- war movement • Members of the American military and their civilian supporters argued that government restrictions on American military operations had deprived the Americans of their chance for victory; such restrictions were designed to prevent China from entering the war and possibly starting a nuclear confrontation.

11. The Race for Nuclear Supremacy • Nuclear threat • Missiles in Cuba • Response to Turkey • Eventual withdrawal by Nikita Khrushchev • Nuclear force increased; arms decreased • By 1972 long process of weapon limitations began.

12. Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe • Helsinki Accords • Space exploration • Offshoot of arms race

13. Decolonization and Nation Building

14. New Nations in South and Southeast Asia • India • Secular • 90% Hindu • Industry • Education • unified

15. Pakistan • Defined by Islam • Military leaders • Bengali-speaking eastern section seceded • Bangladesh 1971 • Japan set an example in WW2 • What example? • Independence • Indonesia 1949 • Burma and Malay Federation 1948 • Philippines 1946

16. The Struggle for Independence in Africa • Algeria • French • Oil, vineyards, gas fields • Revolt in 1954 • Independence in 1962 • Problems in Africa:

17. Nationalism • Kwame Nkrumah • Jomo Kenyatta • Sub-Saharan French colonies • Reluctant because of: • Independence 1958-60 • Decolonization in Africa involved racial conflict • South Africa • Angola • Mozambique • S. Rhodesia

18. The Quest for Economic: Freedom in Latin America • American and European Domination • Mexico • Disparity between rich/poor • Urban/rural • Guatemala • CIA assisted military coup that overthrew President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman • Expropriate • Decades of political insatiability and violence

19. Cuba • 1950s Fulgencio Batista ruled Cuba, while the U.S. and small wealthy class dominated the economy • In 1959 Fidel Castro led revolution • Batista exiled • Redistributed land • Lowered rent • Raised wages • Seized property from U.S. and Cuban corporations • Aide from Soviet Union • communist • Bay of Pigs 1961

20. Challenges of Nation Building • Decolonization occurred on vast scale between 1945-65 • Dozens of new nations • Severe economic challenges • Educational challenges: • Most nations opted for _____ rule.

21. Beyond a Bipolar World

22. The Third World • Nonaligned/Third World • 1955 Indonesia’s President Sukarno hosted a meeting of 29 African and Asian countries. • Goal: • Soviet, China, Yugoslavia

23. For the movement’s leaders, nonalignment was primarily a way of extracting money and support from one or both of the superpowers. • One example is the ability of the Egyptian leaders Nasir and Sadat to play the two superpowers against each other in order to get assistance in hydroelectric projects, arms, and loans from both sides.

24. Japan and China • Japan • American occupation, 1945-52 • Constitution • Military limitations • Stayed out of c. war • World commerce:

25. China • Deeply involved in c. war • Aid from Soviets • PRC diverge from Soviets in 1956 • Radical politics • Great Leap Forward • Cultural Revolution • Cooperation with U.S. in mid 1970s

26. The Middle East • Struggle with Israel overshadowed all Arab politics. • 1947 two states of Palestine • Jewish and Arab • Israel declared its independence in May 1948 and defeated the Palestinian and other Arab forces that attempted to crush the newborn state.

27. Middle East Conflict • Six day war 1967 • Palestine Liberation Organization • Yasir Arafat waged war against Israel and engaged in acts of terrorism • Oil • Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC) 1960 • U.S. and Netherland embargo • Oil prices 1974

28. The Emergence of Environmental Concerns • Rachel Carson • Warned about technology and industrial dangers • 1960s U.S., France, Japan, and Mexico saw rising youth activism that focused on environmental problems.