Introduction to the Human Body Our 11 Systems

1. Introduction to the Human BodyOur 11 Systems

2. Skeletal System • The function of the skeletal system is to give the body support and protect vital organs. • Without a skeletal system, the human body would be limp and floppy. • The skeletal system consists of bones, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons. • Your skull, a series of fused bones, and acts like a hard protective helmet for your brain. • The bones, or vertebrae, of your spinal column surround your spinal cord; a complex bundle of nerves.

3. Skeletal System • The skeletal system provides attachment sites for the organs. • Imagine what could happen to your heart and lungs without the protective armor of your rib cage! • How many bones do humans have? When you were born you had over 300 bones. • As you grew, some of these bones began to fuse together. • The result? An adult has only 206 bones!

4. Skeletal System • Bones are living structures with 5 functions: • protect internal organs • support the body • make blood cells • store minerals • provide for muscle attachment • A point where two or more bones connect is called a joint. • There are two different types of joints in the body: • Movable joints (like ball-and-socket, hinge, gliding and pivot joints) • Immovable joints (like the bones of the skull and pelvis) which allow little or no movement • You have over 230 moveable and semi-moveable joints in your body.

6. POP QUIZ • Skeletal system supports • chemical reactions in the body • supports soft tissues and protects organs • carries oxygen-rich blood to cells • Bones • support the body • provides protection from disease • digest food • Skeletal system is made of • nose, pharynx, trachea, and lungs • lungs, heart, arteries, and veins • ligaments, cartilage, bones, and tendons • Which is NOT a role of the skeletal system? • provide gas exchange • support the body • protect vital organs

7. Circulatory System Arteries Veins • The circulatory system is responsible for bringing oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells. • It’s function is to remove wastes and regulate body temperature. • The heart is central to the human circulatory system; it pushes blood through the body’s network of arteries and veins. • Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs, acquires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. • The blood travels back to the heart and pumps back to the rest of the body. • Blood passes the body cells, it transfers oxygen to the cells, and picks up wastes. • It returns to the heart and the process is repeated.

8. Circulatory System • Arteries are tubes that carry blood awayfrom the heart • Veins are tubes that return blood to the heart • Capillaries connect arteries and veins. They are tiny tubes that exchange food, oxygen and wastes between blood and body cells. • Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and lungs • Coronary circulation is the movement of blood from within the heart chambers to the heart tissues themselves • Systemic circulation is the movement of blood between the heart and the rest of the body • The circulatory system is pretty important, huh?

9. Circulatory System

10. Verse 1: Pump, pump, pumps your blood. The right atrium’s where the process begins, where the CO2 blood enters the heart. Through the tricuspid valve, to the right ventricle, the pulmonary artery, and lungs. Once inside the lungs, it dumps its carbon dioxide and picks up its oxygen supply. Then it’s back to the heart through the pulmonary vein, through the atrium and left ventricle. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. Pump, pump, pumps your blood.  Verse 2: The aortic valve’s, where the blood leaves the heart, then it's channeled to the rest of the body. The arteries, arterioles, and capillaries too bring the oxygenated blood to the cells. The tissues and the cells trade off waste and CO2, which is carried through the ventricles and the veins. Through the larger vena cava to the atrium and lungs, and we're back to where we started in the heart. Pump, pump, pumps your blood. Circulatory Song

11. POP QUIZ • The circulatory system is responsible for bringing _____________________to the cells. • gas, carbon dioxide, and the environment • oxygen, nutrients, and hormones • white blood cells, pathogens, and bone marrow • Arteries are tubes that • return blood to the heart • exchange food, oxygen and wastes between the blood and body cells • carry blood away from the heart • Pulmonary circulation is • the movement of blood between the heart and the lungs • the movement of blood from within the heart chambers • the movement of blood between the heart and the rest of the body • Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and acquires ______________ and releases _________________________. • carbon dioxide , oxygen • oxygen, carbon dioxide • oxygen, nutrients

12. Respiratory System • The function of the respiratory system is breathing in oxygen from the air and carbon dioxide is expelled from the body. • The system that allows breathing (gas exchange) includes the nose, pharynx, trachea, and lungs. • Respiratory system provides gas exchange between blood and the environment.

13. Respiratory System • Although it may seem easier to breathe through the mouth, it is healthier to breathe through the nose. The hairs and mucus in the nose (part of the nasalcavity) help filter and warm the air as it comes in. • LUNGS- gases are transferred between lungs and blood from the circulatory system. • The diaphragm is a muscle beneath the lungs that helps move air in and out of the body.

15. POP QUIZ • Function of the respiratory system is breathing in _________ from the air and expelling _________________. • oxygen, carbon dioxide • carbon dioxide, oxygen • oxygen, nutrients • The respiratory system includes the following organs and tissues: • lungs, heart, and arteries • thymus, spleen, and bone marrow • nose, lungs, and pharynx • The diaphragm is a • gas • cavity • muscle • Respiratory system provides ________________. • waste removal • gas exchange • food exchange

16. Muscular System • The 600 muscles in the body, both voluntary and involuntary. • Voluntary muscles are muscles that you can move whenever you want to. • Involuntary muscles contract and relax automatically inside your body. We can not control our involuntary muscles. • Muscle contracts to move bones and body parts. • Muscles look either striated or smooth: • Striated muscle has stripes or striations in it. • Smooth muscle does not. • The cardiac muscles is unique in the human muscular system because it is made of smooth and skeletal muscle, controls the heart and is involuntary.

17. Muscular System Function: • Controls movement of internal organs such as the stomach, intestine, heart, and circulatory system. • Controls contractions of the heart. • Works with skeletal system to move the body. • Skeletal muscles work in pairs. When one contracts, the other relaxes. • They are attached to bone by bands of tissue called tendons. • Helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system.

19. POP QUIZ • What one organ is formed of cardiac muscle? • the spleen • the liver • the heart • What muscle of the muscular system makes up the walls of the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels? • skeletal • smooth • striated • The function of the muscular system controls movement of • internal organs • external organs • the dermis • What are the three types of muscles in the human body? • peripheral, neural, and cardiac • smooth, autonomic, and skeletal • skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

20. Nervous System • The brain, spinal cord, and network of nerves (peripheral nervous system) receive messages from inside and outside the body and transmit instructions about how to respond. • The nervous system is the control center of the body; it interprets the senses and enables you to respond. • Smell, taste, touch, sight, and sound are controlled by this system.

21. Nervous System • Things to know about the nervous system: • A neuron (nerve cell) is the basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system. • A response that is made automatically is a reflex. • Your spinal cord is made of bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of your body. • The spinal cord is about as big around as an adult thumb and 43 cm long.

23. POP QUIZ • The nervous system controls cells: • by releasing hormones • through electrical impulses • through muscular movement • The organs of the nervous system are: • brain, spinal cord, and nerves • nerves, capillaries, and lungs • spinal cord, trachea, and esophagus • A reflex: • works in pairs • is an automatic response • occurs in the blood system • The function of the nervous system is: • to push blood through the arteries and veins • breath in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide • to receive messages from inside an outside of the body and transmits instructions about how to respond

24. Digestive System • The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal and the other abdominal organs that play a part in digestion, such as the liver and pancreas. • The digestive tract is the long tube of organs — including the esophagus, the stomach, and small and large intestines — that runs from the mouth to the anus. • An adult's digestive tract is about 30 feet long. • The function is to breakdown and absorb nutrients that are necessary for growth and maintenance.

25. Digestive System • The digestive system breaks down food two ways: • mechanical digestion- the chewing (in the mouth) and churning (in the stomach) that can be used by the body. • chemical digestion- with the help of enzymes, into substances that cells can absorb and use. This occurs in the mouth, stomach and small intestines.

27. POP QUIZ • The function of the digestive system is to: • break down and absorb nutrients • support soft tissues and protects organs • controls activities through electrical impulses • The digestive tract contains the following organs: • heart, lungs, and veins • spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes • esophagus, stomach, and intestines • The digestive system breaks down food in two ways: • mechanical and chemical • chemical and physical • physical and physiological • Chemical digestion occurs in: • small intestine, stomach, and mouth • bones, veins, and heart • spleen, heart, and lungs

28. Immune System Immune System • Your immune system is like an army that protects you from disease. • Your skin is the first wall of protection against disease causing agents called pathogens. • The second line of defense are fluids like mucus found in your respiratory system and tears from your eyes. • If the pathogens do pass through these defenses there is an army battalion of white blood cells and their weapons that fight the germs.

29. Immune System • Bone Marrow • is the soft tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. It is the place where most new blood cells are produced. • Thymus • is an organ located in the upper anterior portion of the chest cavity. It is of central importance in the maturation of T cells. • Spleen • is an organ of the upper abdomen, where it functions in the destruction of old red blood cells and holding a reservoir of blood. • Lymph Nodes • act as filters that collect and destroy bacteria and viruses. • When the body is fighting an infection, lymphocytes multiply rapidly and produce a characteristic swelling of the lymph nodes.

31. POP QUIZ • The immune system: • provides attachment sites for the organs • protects you from disease • a complex bundle of nerves • All of these systems of the body are part of your immune system EXCEPT • skeletal • circulatory • respiratory • White blood cells fight: • red blood cells • gas • germs • Organs of the immune system are: • arteries, veins, capillaries, and circulation • stomach, intestine, heart, and circulatory system • lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen

32. The Endocrine System Short, sweet, and to the point!

33. The function of the Endocrine system: • Purpose: Produces chemicals that help control bodily functions. It also regulates long term changes such as growth and development. • The endocrine system is made up of glands. • Glands are organs that produce or release chemicals. • Glands of the endocrine system release the chemicals directly into the blood stream and are then carried throughout the body.

34. Main Parts of the system • endocrine glands- which release chemicals into the blood • Hormones- chemicals that are released from endocrine glands. • Hormones turn things off, on, speed up, or slow down different activities of different organs and tissues • Hormones affect different organs only because they interact only with specific cells called Target cells • Hormones are often released when messages to the brain force the body to react. • I.e. a car come racing toward you, your body releases adrenaline which makes your heart race and your breathing to increase. • These hormones can take a while before the effects wear off.

35. Functions of the glands • Hypothalamus- a tiny part of the brain that links the nervous systems messages with the production of hormones • Pituitary gland- regulates growth, blood pressure, and water balance • Thymus Gland- help the immune system develop during childhood • Adrenal glands- trigger body’s response to emergency situation using adrenaline. It also uses other hormones to control salt and water balance, and sugar in the blood.

36. Thyroid Gland- controls energy released from food molecules • Parathyroid Gland- regulate the amount of calcium in the blood • Pancreas- produces insulin and glucagon which control the level of sugar in the blood • Testes- release testosterone in men and controls changes in a male’s body during growth and development • Ovaries- release estrogen which controls the changes in a female’s body during growth and development. • Overall control of the system………………. Negative feedback- the endocrine system uses negative feedback. This system shuts off when the amount of hormone in the blood reaches a certain level. Once that level is reached, the gland stops producing. Endocrine system review

37. Reproductive System • Purpose: To create and release gametes necessary for fertilization in sexual reproduction. • There are different organs or parts needed for the male and the female. • Female gametes are called eggs • Male gametes are called sperm • Gametes are formed by meiosis

38. Male Reproductive System The male reproductive system is specialized to produce sperm and the hormone testosterone. The structures of the male reproductive system include the testes, scrotum, and penis.

39. Female Reproductive System The role of the female reproductive system is to produce eggs and, if an egg is fertilized, to nourish a developing baby until birth. The organs of the female reproductive system include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

40. The Menstrual Cycle During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for the arrival of an embryo.

41. The Human Life Cycle • Once an egg is fertilized, it forms a zygote. The zygote begins to develop into the embryo and then into a fetus. • The fetus fully develops in the mother’s uterus. Here it is protected and nourished until the day it is born. • The baby is born about 9 months after fertilization. • Sometimes during fertilization process, twins develop.

42. The Mother’s Womb

43. Twins • There are two types: Identical and Fraternal Reproductive System Review

44. Integumentary System (skin) • Purpose: Your skin covers and protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss. It also regulates body temperature eliminates waste, gathers information about environment and produces vitamin D. • Main parts • Epidermis- top of 2 main layers of skin it does not have nerves or blood vessels • Contains melanin a pigment that colors the skin and protects from burning. • Dermis- thin inner layer between the epidermis and fat (this fat layer helps keep heat in the body) • Pores- holes in skin that allow sweat to reach the surface. • Follicles- structures that allow hair to grow (hair above the surface of skin is made up of dead skin cells). Oil is produced here too, that oil waterproofs hair and keeps skin moist and healthy.

45. How skin does what it does! • Protecting the body- forms a barrier that keeps disease-causing microorganisms outside the body. It also keeps water in your system, just like how plastic wrap it keeps food from drying out. • Maintains temperature- by letting you sweat when you overheat and increasing blood flow when hot. This lets heat escape from the body. • Eliminating waste- Perspiration contains waste materials, so when you sweat, more of that waste can leave the body • Gathering information- the nerves in your skin provide information such as pressure, pain, and temperature. This information warns you if something in the environment is hurting you • Produces Vitamin D- your skin cells can produce vitamin D which helps your digestive system absorb calcium which your bones need. You only need a few minutes in the sun to make all the vitamin D you need in one day. Skin review

46. The Excretory System Purpose: to rid the body of wastes, including excess water, salts and carbon dioxide Major Organs and Their Functions Kidneys – the main organs of the excretory system -- waste-laden blood enters the kidney and the kidney filters out urea, excess water and other waste products, which eventually travel out of the kidney as urine -- eventually they travel through the ureter to the urinary bladder Rectum – solid (food) waste travels out of the body through the rectum

47. Skin – sweat glands remove excess water and salts from the body Lungs – expel the waste gas carbon dioxide Image of Part of the Excretory System Brain Pop: Excretion

48. Image of Parts of the Excretory System (digestive system too) Brain Pop: Digestion