NIGERIA

1. NIGERIA [GROUP 10] Elizabeth Neema Mkerenga Elizabeth NthambiOngaro Charity KawiraKemama Austin Kalimanjira

3. NIGERIA The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in the north. Its coast in the south lies on Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean. There are over 500 ethnic groups in Nigeria, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. • Title – Federal Republic of Nigeria • Capital City – Abuja • Government • President – GoodluckEbele Jonathan • V.P – NamandiSambo

5. HISTORY • 1st October, 1960 Nigeria gains its independence. • Prior to this, Nigeria was divides into 4 empires • The Northern Empire • The Calabar Kingdom • The Oduduwa Empire • The Benin Empire • These empires formed the 3 major ethnic division in Nigeria today- the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba people. • Elements • Natural resources: Oil and Natural Gas • Largest population in Africa (170 M est. 2014) • Geographic positioning: coastline advantage • Leadership

6. HISTORY • In 1963, Nigeria becomes a Republic. • Nnamdi Azikiwe first President of Nigeria • 1965, tension and violence in the western region is triggered by the elections • 1966, the Nigerian army staged its first coup. • General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, overthrew the central and regional governments, • killed the prime minister, • took control of the government, and got rid of the federal system of government to replace it with a central government with many Ibos as advisors. • This caused a lot of riots and a lot of Ibos were killed in the process. • In July of the same year, a group of northern army officers revolted against the government (it seems this started a long history of military coups), killed General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, and appointed the army chief of staff, General Yakubu Gowon as the head of the new military government.

7. BIAFRA CIVIL WAR (1967-1970) • In 1967, Gowon moved to split the existing 4 regions of Nigeria into 12 states. • However, the military governor of the Eastern Region (Colonel ChukwuemekaOdumegwuOjukwu) refused to accept the division of the Eastern Region, and declared the Eastern Region an independent republic called Biafra. This led to a civil war between Biafra and the remainder of Nigeria. The war started in June 1967, and continued until Biafra surrendered on January 15, 1970 after over 1 million people had died. • There have been continued disputes in Nigeria due to land, ethnic differences, religious differences. For example, in 1992 there were major clashes in the north between Christians and Muslims, and over 3000 people were killed in the clashes.

8. MOVEMENT FOR THE SURVIVAL OF OGONI PEOPLE (MOSOP) • In 1993, 300,000 Ogoni marched peacefully to demand a share in oil revenues and some form of political autonomy. • They asked the oil companies to begin environmental remediation and pay compensation for past damage. • They were a minority and felt that they were not being given their human rights, and they were being tortured just so the country could make money off the oil that was on their land. • Once Abacha took over the government, in November of 1993, Ken Saro-Wiwa (Leader of MOSOP) amongest other leaders were imprisoned and later executed. Even after urges from international organization to spare the lives of these environmental activists. • As a result, Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth almost immediately, and sanctions were placed against the country, including oil sanctions, which accounted for over 90% of the nation's exports. Also, Shell had to halt it's operations in Ogoni territory.

9. TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY • The idea by AtikuAbubakar (1998) was to return the country to democracy . • Steps taken: • Releasing prisoners • Ensure economic growth • Fights against corruption • With the benefit of a doubt: • Sanction were uplifted • Reinstatement to Commonwealth • Improved international relations • $2 M to aid transition by the US

10. NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY • After independence, Nigeria sought to pursue its F.P. of leadership on behalf of the African continent • For a decade since independence, FP has been dictated by the rule of military governments. • Thus, NFP greatly influenced by its internal leadership and the external global environment • Today, Nigeria considered one of Africa’s strongest economies

11. MEMBERSHIP to IOs • United Nations- On the 7th October, 1960, Nigeria was admitted to the United Nations as the 99th member. Earliest act to the UN was to furnish troops for the peacekeeping operating in Zaire and later on the main thrust of Nigeria's activism on the world stage was to eradicate apartheid and racism from Africa. • African Union (AU) • The International Monetary Fund (IMF) • The World Bank (WB) • The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) • Organization for the Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) • The New Economic Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) • African Development Bank (ADB) Group

12. REGIONAL INTEGRATION • The West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) • The West African Monetary Institute (WAMI) • The West African Monetary Agency (WAMA) • The West African Institute for Financial & Economic Management (WAIFEM) 

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