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Advanced Sentence Structure. Clauses. A subject and a predicate by themselves make an independent clause . Sentences can contain more than one clause, and more than one type of clause. Clause types. Other types of clauses: dependent, relative
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Clauses • A subject and a predicate by themselves make an independent clause. • Sentences can contain more than one clause, and more than one type of clause.
Clause types • Other types of clauses: dependent, relative • Dependent clauses contain subordinate conjunctions • Relative clauses contain relative pronouns.
Dependent clauses • When I woke up this morning, it was raining. • Dependent clauses include a subject and predicate just like an independent clause; however, they begin with a subordinate conjunction, which makes them an incomplete thought.
Subordinate Conjunctions • Indicate conditions, such as “because,” “if,” “although,” “in,” etc. • At the beginning of dependent (sometimes called subordinate) clauses.
Examples, • Although I gave my cat flea medicine, he still scratches himself. • When I get tired, I just drink some coffee.
Comma Usage • Note that when we begin a sentence with a dependent clause, we separate the dependent and independent clauses with a comma.
Dependent Clause Practice • Try writing a sentence that contains a dependent and independent clause.
Relative Clauses • “The scarf that I’m wearing today is itchy.” • Used to describe nouns • Start with “which,” “that,” or “who.” • Two types: restrictive and non-restrictive.
Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses • Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses give extra information about the noun they are describing. • Because they can be taken out of the sentence without affecting the meaning of the sentence, they are placed in commas. • Example: “My cat, who is black, is named Loki.”
Restrictive Relative Clauses • Restrictive relative clauses give detailed information necessary to the sentence. • In this case, we do not use commas to separate this type of relative clause from the rest of the sentence. • Example: “Where is the blue binder that I placed here yesterday?”
When to use Which, That, or Who • When referring to a person, always use “who.” • When referring to an object in a non-restrictive clause, use “which.” • When referring to an object in a restrictive clause, use “that.”
Relative Clause Practice • Try writing a sentence with a relative clause.
Compound Sentences • “I wanted some ice cream, so I got some at the store.” • Two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction and a comma make up a compound sentence.
Coordinating what now? • Coordinating Conjunctions: FANBOYS • For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So • Used to combine two independent clauses with a comma.
Examples • I wanted to leave, but my cat wanted me to stay at home. • She went to the store, and then she went to see a movie.
Conjunction Practice • Try writing two independent sentences and combining them with a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
Semicolons • “You cannot eat that; it is mine!” • Another way to combine two sentences is with semicolons. • When using semicolons, we do not need to use a coordinating conjunction.
Examples • I like cats; he likes dogs. • I went to the store; afterward, I went home.
Conjunctive Adverbs • Some words begin independent clauses by themselves as connectors. These words include “however,” “nonetheless,” and “furthermore.” • These words are called “Conjunctive Adverbs.” • We also place a comma behind these words. • These are often used behind semicolons.
Examples • I do not like spiders; however, I am very fond of bats. • Susan has a demanding job. Furthermore, she's taking two difficultcollege classes.
Semicolon practice • Write two independent clauses and combine them with a semicolon. You may want to use a conjunctive adverb to combine them.
Putting it All Together • When I went to his house, I knocked on the door, but no one was home. • My friend, who is older than me, has already graduated; however, she still lives nearby.
Putting it All Together • When I arrived at his house, the dog, who belonged to my friend Brandon, barked at me, and I smiled and pet it; however, I was not prepared for how sticky his spit was when he started licking my face!
Now you try! • Create a sentence that contains at least three of the following: • An independent clause • A dependent clause • A relative clause • A semicolon • A conjunctive adverb • A comma and a coordinating conjunction
