Carbon Compounds

1. Carbon Compounds Ms. Clarke Biology CHHS

2. Carbon’s Special Properties • 1) Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. • 2) Each electron can join with an electron from another atom to form a strong covalent bond.

3. Carbon’s Special Properties • 3) Carbon has the ability to form millions of different large and complex structures. • -- No other element even comes close to matching carbon’s versatility.

4. Carbon’s Special Properties • 4) Carbon can actually form bonds with other carbon atoms.

5. Organic Chemistry • 5) Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms.

6. Macromolecules • 6)Macromolecules are made from thousands or even hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules. • Macro- means big

7. Monomers • 7) Monomers are small compounds joined together to form polymers. • --Polymerization is the process in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together. • --The result of polymerization is a macromolecule.

8. Monomers • 8) Monomers may identical or they may be different.

9. 4 Organic Compounds • 9) Organic carbon compounds found in all living things are divided into four groups: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

10. 10) Carbohydrates • Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. --Plants and some animals also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.

11. Carbohydrates • 11) Carbohydrates are made up of C, H, and O at 1:2:1. • 12)The most common form of a carbohydrate is sugar.

12. Carbohydrates • 13) The breakdown of sugars such as glucose, supplies immediate energy from all cell activities. • 14)Living things store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches. An example of starch is pasta. • **Starch is made of monomers of glucose.

13. Monosaccharide vs. Polysaccharide • 15) A single sugar molecule is known as a monosaccharide. --mono- means one 16) A polysaccharide is formed from many monosaccharides. --poly-many

14. Polysaccharide • 17) The most common polysaccharide is glycogen, or animal starch. ---Glycogen is stored in the body and is released to be used as energy when needed.

15. Polysaccharide • 18) Plants use a polysaccharide known as cellulose because its fibers both tough and flexible. It gives plants strength and rigidity. • Cellulose is a major component of wood and paper. • Ex. corn

16. Lipids • 19) Lipids are generally not soluble in water. (They do not dissolve in water) • Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. • The different categories of lipids are: fats,

17. Lipids • 20) Lipids can be used to store energy and are important in membranes and waterproof coverings.

18. Lipids • Lipid molecules are made of glycerol and fatty acids. When each carbon atom is joined by a single bond in a fatty acid is called a saturated.

19. Lipids • Where there is a double bond on one of the carbons then it is said to be unsaturated.

20. Lipids • 21) More than one double bond is called polysaturated. • An example of a saturated fat is butter and is solid at room temperature. • An example of an unsaturated fat is olive oil and it is a liquid at room temperature.

21. Nucleic Acids • 22) Nucleic Acids contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. • 23) Nucleic Acids are made up of nucleotides. • --A nucleotide has three parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

22. Nucleic Acids • 24) Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information. • 25) There are two types of nucleic acids: RNA and DNA. • 26)RNA contains the sugar ribose. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar.

23. Proteins • 27) Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids. • 28) Amino acids are compounds with an amino (NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end.

24. Proteins • 29) Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. • Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles. • Other proteins transport substance into or out cells or help fight diseases.