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THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION. aka Catholic Reformation. Move to Reform. Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism, appointed ethical clergy. Called Church Council. Julius III (r. 1550-1555) worldly pope.

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THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

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  1. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION aka Catholic Reformation

  2. Move to Reform • Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism, appointed ethical clergy. Called Church Council. • Julius III (r. 1550-1555) worldly pope. • Papacy comes more committed to reform under Paul IV, (r. 1555-1559), Pius IV (r. 1559-1565, and Pius V (r. 1566-1572)

  3. New Religious Orders • Ursuline order of nuns (1544): Sought to combat heresy through Christian education • Discalced Carmelite Nuns (1562) – St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582), poverty and simple life. • Capuchins (1528) reform of Franciscans • Oratorians (1575) St. Philip Neri • Theatines (1523) improve education of clergy

  4. New Religious Orders • Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540): 3 goals—reform church through education, preach • Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism • Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder; organized in military fashion • Spiritual Exercises: contained ideas used to train Jesuits

  5. Spanish and Italian Inquisitions • Spain: persecution of Mariscos (Christian Moors) & Marranos (Christian Jews) • Succeeded in bringing southern German and eastern Europe back to Catholicism • Sacred Congregation of the Holy Order, 1542, in papal states: Roman Inquisition • Index of Prohibited Books: catalogue of forbidden reading • Ended heresy in Papal States; rest of Italy not affected significantly

  6. Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563) • Established Catholic dogma four next 4 centuries • Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers • Salvation by both “good works’ and faith • 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed • Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed • approved Index of Forbidden Books

  7. Council of Trent • Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, ended nepotism • Bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests.

  8. Results of Reformation • The unity of Western Christianity was shattered: Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, Scotland) adopted Protestantism. • Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. • Abuses remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. • Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.

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