The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation

1. 1517 - 1555 The Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter Reformation

2. The Wealth of the Roman Catholic Church was obtained in many ways: Gifts Pilgrimages Tithing Selling of Relics Indulgences

3. The Great Schism - (Western Schism or Papal Schism) • Split in the Roman Catholic Church resulting in two sitting Popes at the Same time. • One in Rome, Italy and one in Avignon, France. • What is the result of this split?

6. Objective • To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity • To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism • To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society

7. The Catholic Church • Headed by the Pope in Rome, • The Seven Sacraments • All clergy take vows of celibacy (stay unmarried)

8. John Wycliffe 1320-1384 • Englishman • Critiques of organized church • No scriptural basis for papal claims of earthly power • Bible should be a Christian’s sole authority • Ask what happened to him after he died!

9. Jan Hus 1373-1415 Religious thinker, philosopher, reformer • Demanded reform of the Church • Followers became known as Hussites

10. Erasmus 1466-1536 • Dutch humanist • Traveled widely – England, Paris, Italy • First to truly utilize power of press • Criticized corruption in the Church • Promoted Christians reading the Bible directly • Did not advocate separation from the Church

11. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Germany, • Joined the Order of Saint Augustine in 1505 and became a monk • Moved to Wittenberg in 1511

12. Martin Luther Salvation comes from God’s gift of free grace.

13. Do Now: What are indulgences? What do you believe was the main cause of the Reformation? When did the reformation begin? Do you think people were ‘tired’ of the Roman Catholic Churches control or its lack of change?

14. The Catholic Church in 1500 • The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe • Mass performed in Latin • In charge of education and held the monopoly on information • Held a great deal of property • Corruption in the Church

15. Germany in 1500 • Not one nation, • a patchwork of independent states of the Holy Roman Empire • Ruled by figurehead Emperor • Charles V

16. Charles V 1519 - 1556 • HRE • King of Spain • Most powerful Monarch in Europe • Who were his grand parents? • Who is his aunt?

18. Luther’s Problems with the Catholic Church • Luther had two major problems with the Catholic church: • Indulgences • Justification • Other problems • communion, • services in Latin, • celibacy among the clergy • Role of Scripture

19. Luther’s Showdown with the Catholic Church • Luther’s writings in 1520 gain the attention of the religious and political authorities • On June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull • Luther declared a heretic

20. The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Luther’s ideas inspire Peasants’ Revolt in Germany in 1525 • Causes • Main Issues • Response

21. The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Reformers begin to rise in other countries • Ulrich Zwingli • John Calvin

22. Ulrich Zwingli • A Swiss reformer • Anti-Baptist

23. John Calvin

24. Geneva • 1536 – Calvin is driven from Geneva • 1541 – Calvin is asked to return to Geneva and set up his religion • Consistory – the body to make sure the word of god was preached correctly of Calvinist Geneva, 6 pastors and twelve elders.

25. The Consistory • The consistory encouraged people to report any kinds of misbehaving, such as adultery, fighting, dancing, and card playing, gambling, and laughing in church. • You had to go to church!

26. Calvinism • Doctrine of Predestination • God has chosen some individuals to be saved, not everyone is going to be saved. • Not everyone is going to heaven. • God knows who is saved and who is not.

27. Predestination • There is nothing that one can to change fate. • None of the chosen have done anything to be chosen, they just were the lucky god chose for the sake of his son, Jesus.

28. Predestination • If you are saved act any way you want? • Those who are saved would not act un-virtuous since god was in their heart. • Plus those who are saved act even more virtuous searching for clues to their salvation. • The Puritans who went to Plymouth were Calvinists.

29. The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Political consequences of the Reformation: • European rulers convert to Protestantism • Wars of Religion • Catholics vs. Protestants • Peace of Augsburg - 1555 • Lutheranism and Catholicism allowed in the HRE • Princes can choose the faith of their territory

30. Abdication of Charles V/I • 1555 he abdicates his title of King of Spain and the HRE • Spain is given to his son Philip • HRE given to his brother Ferdinand • Both lands still run by the Hapsburg family, but not one united Kingdom • Who got the better deal?

31. The English Reformation • Wars of the Roses 1455 to 1485 • Civil War • House of Tutor • Henry VII • 2 Sons • Arthur • Henry • 2 Daughters

32. Henry VIII1509 - 1547 • Born 1491 • What do you know about him?

33. Henry VIII • Not always out of shape • In his 20 very fit and known for his strength

34. Reaction to the Reformation • Defender of the Faith • Attacked Luther in writing • Sir Thomas More • Devout Catholic

35. Wives of Henry • Why is he famous for his wives? • 6 Wives • Divorced 2 • Beheaded 2 • 1 dies • 1 out lived him

36. Catherine of Aragon • Born 1486 • Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain • Aunt of Charles V/I King of Spain and the HRE

37. Marriage to Catherine • Why was it in the Popes best interest for Henry to marry Catherine? • What is the issue with her marriage to Arthur? • Is it wrong to marry your brothers widow?

38. Catherine of Aragon • Married for 24 years • 1 Child a daughter named Mary • What is the problem in this “happy” marriage? • Papal Dispensation • Denied?

39. Anne Boleyn • Born 1507 • Married Henry 1533 • Anne of 1000 Days • Daughter Elisabeth • What must Henry do in order to marry Anne?

40. Anglicanism • The Church of England • “Catholic Light” – Robin Williams • Very similar to Catholicism except no Pope • The Monarch is the Head of the Church • The Arch-Bishop of Canterbury is the Clergy running the Church • Protestant Denomination

41. Fall of Anne • Accused of Adultery • Treason? • Who would gain from Anne’s fall?

42. Tower of London

43. Execution of Anne

44. Jane Seymour • Born 1508 • Married Henry 1536 • Son Edward • Dies of complications from Child Birth

45. The Three Remaining Wives Anne of ClevesCatherine HowardCatherine Parr

46. Henry VIII • Dies in 1547 • Who is the next ruler of England? • Why not Mary? • What about the Catholic Protestant issues?

48. Edward VI • Born 1537 • Reign 1547 – 1553 • King at the age of 9 • Dies at the age of 15 • Who will be the next monarch of England?

49. Issues • Why did the nobles of England support Henry's conversion to Protestantism? • $$$$$ Wealth $$$$$ • Legitimacy? • Usurp the Crown!

50. Jane Grey • Grand Niece of Henry VIII • Protestant • “Queen of the Nine Days” • Legitimacy!