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Measurements and Instrumentations

Measurements and Instrumentations. By Dr. Ghazi AL SUKKAR ghazi.alsukkar@ju.edu.jo. Introduction:-. The field of measurements and instrumentation is rapidly changing where new Standards , Sensors and Measurement systems are continually being devised .

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Measurements and Instrumentations

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  1. Measurements and Instrumentations By Dr. Ghazi AL SUKKAR ghazi.alsukkar@ju.edu.jo

  2. Introduction:- • The field of measurements and instrumentation israpidlychangingwhere new Standards, Sensors and Measurementsystems are continuallybeingdevised. • IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement. • Review of Scientific Instruments. • Journal of Scientific Instruments.

  3. Begining of measurements:- • Barter trade  they need to quantify the amounts being exchanged.

  4. Purpose of measurement system: • A measurement system is often made a part of a control system: « If you can not measure it, you can not control it ».

  5. Measurement system (Instrument)Architecture:- Event  Quantity (Variable)

  6. Sensor: • An element whose characteristics change with the change of in the Quantity Under Measurement (QUM). • Ex: Photo sensors, thermal sensors, strain gauges, motion sensors…etc. • Primary & Secondary Sensor.

  7. Signal ConditioningElement:- • Convert the output of the sensor to a more suitable form for further processing usually, voltage, current. • Ex: -Amplifier: amplify voltage. -Deflection bridges: convert impeadance change into voltage change. -Oscillator: convert impedance change into frequency change.

  8. Signal ProcessingElement:- • Convert the output of signal conditioning element to a form suitable for presentation. • Its mean purpose is the correction of the non-linearity in the sensor output signal. • Ex: A/D (ADC) converter, Microprocessor.

  9. Data PresentationElement • Show the QUM in a form suitable for the observer. • Ex: -Pointer (Scale indicator). -Screen. -Printer. • Sometimes one unit combines multi-elements.

  10. Standards Used in Measurements:- • The very first measurement units where those used in barter trade: Based in whatever was available as a measurement unit, foot, hands, human fingures…..etc. • People lookforward to unify these means of measurement through put standards. • Standards: Instrument and techniques used to quantify variables.

  11. Early establishment of standards for the measurement of physical quantities proceeded in several countries at parallel time, in consequence, several sets of units emerged for measuring the same physical variable. ex: Length: Yard,meter,mile… • Also tools and techniques used to quantify a unit have been progressively improved over the years.

  12. Ex: Meter:- 1. Defined as 10-7 times the polar quadrant of the earth. - Platinum bar made to the defined length was established as a standard of length in early nineteenth century. -Bar manufactured from a platinum-iridium alloy. 2. In 1960 redefined meter in term of 1.65076373 x 106 wavelengths of radiation from krypton-86 in vacuum. 3. In 1983 redefined as the length travelled by light in an interval of 1/299792458 sec.

  13. Classification of standards:- • International standards: defined by international agreement and keptat the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, France. • Primary Standards: Calibratedfrom International Standards and maintained in national standards laboratories in countries around the world. • Secondary Standards: Calibratedfrom the Primary Standards, used in industry and researchlabs on a daily basis. • Working Standards.

  14. SI Units: « Systèmes Internationales d’Unités »:- • Define 7 base unites: • Length: meter (m) • Mass: kilogram (kg) • Amount of substance: mole (mol) • Time: Seconds (sec) • Temperature: kelvin (K) • Current: ampere (A) • Luminousintensity: Candela (Cd) • Otherunits are derivedfrom the base units: ex: area m2 speed m/s luminance Cd/m2

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