Geography and Social Conditions

5. Geography and Social Conditions • Shan-Gan-Ning Base Area: Capital in Yan’an • Extremely Poor, Hilly land on China’s leoss plateau • About ½ the size of the UK • 1.4 million people

13. Explaining CCP Success During the War—Historiography • Peasant Nationalism: willing to go along with Communists to fight Japan • Social and Economic Gains: Communists offered a better life for many peasants • Institution/Organization Building: Communists did this well, and got peasants involved in building grass-roots power

14. Rebuilding Power after the Long March • Political Challenges: Mao vs. Wang Ming (1907-1974) • Wang Ming: Soviet trained, Stalin-backed Chinese Communist Party member • Social Policy: Focus on Building local government organizations: Revolutionary associations, peasant associations

15. Political Issues and Strategy • Second United Front: Cornerstone of Communist Policy in Base Areas • Three-thirds system: Communists hold not more than 1/3 of local government positions • Emphasis on flexibility and inclusion • The “Yan’an Way”

17. Party Purification: The Rectification Campaign 1942-1944 • Launched on Feb.1, 1942 • An intra-Party movement to enforce discipline, ideological unity, and Mao’s line • Emergence of Maoism as CCP’s leading ideology • Causes: Wartime economic and military stress in base areas, diverse and rapidly growing Party membership

18. Maoism • Voluntarism: the will and desire of people, of revolutionaries, can overcome ALL obstacles (especially through revolutionary struggle) • Emphasis on “correct ideological consciousness” as the main tool to achieve what China wants • ALL Chinese, if instilled with the right form of consciousness, have revolutionary potential • “Mass line”: a faith in the masses, the peasantry, often at expense of top down bureaucratic rule

19. Features of the Rectification Campaign • 3 Main Targets: • Those who worship Marxism/Leninism without translating it to Chinese conditions, into present day action • Factions: Bureaucracy vs. peasant based action, Mao distrustful of bureaucracy • Formalism in the Party: Don’t get lost in spouting theory, holding meetings-- keep it real

20. Artists under fire • Ding Ling (1904-1986) a famous woman author who moves to Yan’an. She criticizes the Communists for not keeping promises of women’s liberation. Severely criticized by Communist leaders, and sent to the countryside. • Wang Shiwei Wrote an essay called “Wild lilies” critical of Communist leaders who were living better than the masses, called for true egalitarian living. Executed in 1947

21. Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Art and Literature • Very important speech Mao gives in May, 1942 • Lays out the Party line on art for the next 30 years • Art serves the Party, it must therefore serve the peasants and workers: emergence of social realism as the form of art and literature

22. Rectification: Consequences • Mao becomes undisputed leader, militarily, ideologically, of the Chinese Communists • Intellectuals and Artists critical of the Party are silenced • Tactics developed for future ideological campaigns: being “sent down” to the countryside, small and large group study sessions, self criticism in small groups