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AP U.S. History Chapter 13

AP U.S. History Chapter 13. The Rise of Mass Democracy 1824-1840. Economic distress & the slavery issue raised the political stakes in the 1820s & 1830s Political conflict New political parties New styles of campaigning. The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824. Election of 1824: four candidates

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AP U.S. History Chapter 13

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  1. AP U.S. HistoryChapter 13 The Rise of Mass Democracy 1824-1840

  2. Economic distress & the slavery issue raised the political stakes in the 1820s & 1830s • Political conflict • New political parties • New styles of campaigning

  3. The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824 • Election of 1824: four candidates • JQA (MA) • Henry Clay (KY) • William Crawford (GA) • Andrew Jackson (TN) • All claimed to be “Republicans” • John C. Calhoun V-P on Adams & Jackson tickets

  4. Jackson won popular vote, but not electoral vote • 12th Amendment: House chooses among top 3 • Clay eliminated, BUT Speaker of the House • Could “throw” election to candidate of choice • Crawford: stroke • Clay hated Jackson • Only candidate left: JQA • No personal relationship to Clay • Both nationalists & advocates of American System • Clay met privately w/ JQA & assured support

  5. 1825: House elected John Quincy Adams President • JQA named Henry Clay Secretary of State…CONTROVERSIAL! • Secretary of State path to Presidency • Jackson FURIOUS!

  6. John Quincy Adams

  7. A Yankee Misfit in the White House • Unpopular, irritable, sarcastic, tactless • One of most successful Secretaries of State, but least successful presidents • Refused to practice patronage (give supporters jobs) • Nationalist (when nation sectionalist, states’ rights) • Urged Congress to construct roads & canals • Renewed Washington’s proposal for a national university (criticized: too much $) • Tried to curb land speculation in the west • Attempted to deal fairly with Indians • Overall: extremely unpopular

  8. Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828 • Election of 1828 • Political party splits • National Republicans: JQA • Democratic Republicans: Andrew Jackson • Mudslinging election • Victory for Jackson (and sweet revenge)!!!

  9. Andrew Jackson

  10. “Old Hickory” as President • Rugged in appearance & childhood • Carried 2 bullets in body from duels • Orphaned at young age • In TN…judge & member of Congress • Known for violent temper • First President from the West • First to be nominated at formal party convention • Second president without college education

  11. Jackson unique • Frontier aristocrat • Owned many slaves, cultivated broad acres, lived in one of the finest American mansions • Inauguration interesting • Mass amounts of people • “nobodies” intermingled with notables • Damage at White House

  12. The Spoils System

  13. The Spoils System • Rewarding political supporters w/ public office • Aka patronage • AJ defended spoils system & used it • Scandals: men bought jobs through high campaign contributions • Illiterates, incompetents, & crooks given positions of public trust • Did cement loyalty to party

  14. The Tariff of Abominations • Tariffs protected American industry against European competition • BUT drove up prices & invited retaliatory tariffs on American agricultural exports • 1824: Congress increased tariff • South only section hurt • Exported agricultural products unprotected, but manufactured goods they had to buy from north were protected • Also anxious about slavery • Would the federal gov’t try to intervene? • Missouri Compromise, Denmark Vesey’s SC rebellion

  15. Tariff & slavery ? gave South momentum to advocate stronger for states’ rights • SC took lead in protesting “Tariff of Abominations” • Legislature published The South Carolina Exposition • Secretly written by Calhoun • Denounced tariff as unjust & unconstitutional • Proposed nullification of tariff

  16. “Nullies” in South Carolina • South Carolina advocated stronger states’ rights • Took lead in protesting Tariff of Abominations • Tariff unjust & unconstitutional • Struggled to get 2/3 majority in state legislature to nullify • Congress passed Tariff of 1832 • South still unhappy • State elections (1832): enough support to nullify tariff • Also threatened secession if Washington attempted to collect tariff by force

  17. The Nullification Crisis • Jackson would not tolerate defiance • Threatened to invade state & hang nullifiers • Prepared military • Drafted proclamation against nullification • SC responded with counterproclamation • Senator Henry Clay drafted Compromise Bill • tariff would drop 10% over 8 year period • Passed through Congress • Congress also passed Force Bill: President could use military to collect federal tariff duties • SC: special convention • repealed nullification and then nullified Force Bill

  18. The Trail of Tears • AJ’s Democrats committed to westward expansion • Confrontation w/ natives • In past, we could acquire land via formal treaties • Many whites wanted to assimilate Native Americans • Several tribes violently resisted • Others accommodated • Cherokees (GA) • “Five Civilized Tribes”-Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, & Seminoles

  19. Cherokees & assimilation • Abandoned semi-nomadic lifestyle for settled agricultural life and idea of private property • education, gov’t, successful slave holding cotton planters • BUT in 1828 GA declared Cherokee tribal council illegal • Asserted own jurisdiction over Indian affairs & land • Cherokees appealed to Supreme Court • 3x ruled in favor of Cherokees • AJ refused to recognize Court’s decisions • Goal: open land to western settlement • Proposed bodily removal (“rescue”) of tribes beyond Mississippi

  20. Indian Removal Act (1830) • Forced uprooting of 100,000+ Indians • Most from “Five Civilized Tribes” • Many died • Some Sauk & Fox braves from IL & WI resisted eviction, but were crushed by troops • In FL, Seminoles retreated to Everglades • Fought guerilla war • Many ended up in OK

  21. The Trail of Tears & the Indian Removal Act (1830)

  22. The Bank War • Jackson distrusted monopolistic banking & overbig business • Not a fan of the BUS • Minted gold & silver coins, but not paper $ • Prinicipal depository of fed gov’ts funds • Controlled much of nation’s gold & silver • Private institution accountable to its elite circle of moneyed investors • Nicholas Biddle: Bank President (too much power) • Profit #1 priority

  23. Webster & Clay proposed bill to renew Bank’s Charter • Clay = AJ’s rival • If AJ signed bill, he would lose support from West • Bank had foreclosed on many western lands • If AJ vetoed, he would lose wealthy Easterner’s votes • AJ vetoed bill • Declared bank unconstitutional • Even though it was according to McCulloch v Maryland

  24. The Bank War

  25. Election of 1832 • New third party: Anti-Masonic Party • Opposed secret societies • AJ a Mason • National nominating conventions • Republicans & Anti-Masons adopted formal platforms • Clay’s Republicans: $$$ • AJ won popular and electoral votes • Reelected to second term

  26. Burying Biddle’s Bank • BUS set to expire in 1836 • AJ decided to bury bank for good by removing federal deposits from the vaults • Advised against, but did it anyways • Federal gov’t $ ended up in pet banks (chosen b/c pro-Jackson) • Flooded country with paper $ • Authorized Treasury to issue Specie Circular • Required public lands to be purchased with metallic $ • Stopped speculative boom • Contributed to financial crash and panic in 1837

  27. The Birth of the Whigs

  28. AJ’s opponents called him King Andrew I • Too much power • AJ an aristocrat • Whigs • United in hatred for AJ • First emerged as Clay, Webster, & Calhoun tried to censure AJ for Bank War • Attracted other groups alienated by AJ • Support protective tariffs, national bank, and federal internal improvements

  29. Whigs • Called for internal improvements (roads, canals, etc) • Cannot agree on slavery question • Webster= anti, Calhoun= pro, Clay= both? • Federalist belief that educated, landed elites were best suited to run country • In Age of Jackson, this means doom as a party!

  30. The Election of 1836 • Martin Van Buren (Democrat) vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • Van Buren Jackson’s Sec. of State • AJ handpicked him to be his successor • Whigs disorganized • Van Buren wins in a near landslide • Inherits policies of Jackson (and problems) • Panic of 1837 as banks collapse • Indian Removal Act of 1830 Trail of Tears

  31. Martin Van Buren

  32. Big Woes for the “Little Magician” • 8th President • Had a lot working against him • Handpicked (many Democrats resented him) • Mild-mannered (complete opposite of AJ) • Almost to war with Britain over Canadian rebellion • Anti-slavery agitators in North • Texas annexation? • Economic panic (thanks to AJ)

  33. Panic of 1837 • Causes • Rampant speculation (“get rich quick” schemes) • Jacksonian finance: Bank War & Species Circular • Failure of wheat crops (prices increased) • Massive foreclosures • Financial problems abroad (Britain called in loans) • Rising interest rates • Banks collapsed, factories closed, unemployment • 30% manufacturing unemployment • Van Buren pushed Divorce Bill • Divorce gov’t from banking altogether & establish independent treasury • Independent Treasury Bill passed Congress (1840)

  34. Panic of 1837 • Independent Treasury little more than a vault to store money • States not receiving funds needed to spur economy • State banks collapse with no funds • Missouri resorts to using fur as currency!

  35. Texas Revolution • We wanted Texas for expansion • From Spanish to Mexican control • 1823: tract of land granted to Stephen Austin for settlement • Goal: settle w/ 300 families • By 1825 30,000 Texan Americans • Most law-abiding, God fearing people • Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, Sam Houston • Friction b/w Mexicans & Americans • Slavery, immigration, local rights • Austin went to Mexico City to negotiate differences with Santa Anna • Jailed for 8 months • Santa Anna started to raise army

  36. The Lone Star Rebellion • 1836: Texans declared independence • Sam Houston: Commander in Chief • Santa Anna led troops into Texas • Trapped & slaughtered Texans at Alamo • Americans wanted revenge • Houston (outnumbered) defeated & captured Santa Anna at San Jacinto

  37. Texas Revolution

  38. Texas Revolution • Santa Anna forced to sign two treaties • Withdrew Mexican troops • Recognized Rio Grande as southwest boundary of Texas • On day before he left office, AJ recognized the Lone Star Republic • Texas now wants to join Union • What to do about slavery???

  39. Election of 1840 • Martin Van Buren (Democrat) up for reelection • vs. William Henry Harrison (Whig) • War hero • John Tyler (V-P) running mate • Published no official platform • “Tippencanoe and Tyler, too!” • Victory for the Whigs

  40. Two Major Changes in American Politics • Populist democratic style • Politicians expected to appeal to people • Common man was moving to center of political stage • Two-party political system • Jacksonian-Democrats glorified liberty of individual • Clung to states’ rights & federal restraint in social & economic affairs • Whigs trumpeted national harmony of society & the value of community • Tended to favor renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, & moral reforms • Some similarities: mass based, commanded loyalties of all kinds of Americans from all social classes, in all sections

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