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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Managing Stress. Managing Stress and Burnout. Stress is a cause of psychological problems as well as physical reactions, such as ulcers, high blood pressure, backaches, and heart disease. An estimated 75 to 90 percent of visits to doctors are somehow stress related.

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Managing Stress

  2. Managing Stress and Burnout • Stress is a cause of psychological problems as well as physical reactions, such as ulcers, high blood pressure, backaches, and heart disease. • An estimated 75 to 90 percent of visits to doctors are somehow stress related. • Stress is associated with high levels of dissatisfaction, absenteeism, turnover, lost productivity, and lawsuits. • It may result in a climate that stifles creativity. • It has been implicated in workplace violence and employee suicide. • Total stress-related costs to U.S. businesses are $200 to $300 billion annually.

  3. Global Perspectives: Karoshi • Karoshi, three Japanese characters that literally mean “excessive,” “labor,” and “death,” is a term given by the Japanese to sudden death from heart attack or stroke induced by job stress. • Japanese work, on average, 225 hours per week, or six workweeks, more per year than their American counterparts. • Their overwork is driven in part by employers’ demands and expected loyalty to the company, and by the weakness of Japan’s labor unions. • It appears that karoshi results primarily from feelings of depression and helplessness combined with overwork. • Karoshi is now recognized by the Japanese government as a cause of death under the country’s worker compensation laws.

  4. Stress Stress Reactions Concepts Involved in Stress Management(Figure 5-1) Stressors

  5. Autonomic Nervous System which carries hormones to organs and muscles which activates which activates Cerebral Cortex Hypo- thalamus Adrenal Glands Blood Stream Stress Reactions which activates which alerts which puts hormones into perceived by secretes ACTH, which activates Pituitary Physiological Reactions in Stress(Figure 5-2) Stressors

  6. Stage 3 Body Can No Longer Resist Stressor: Physiological Breakdown Occurs Stage 1 Body Prepares for Action; Increased Arousal Stage 2 Attempts are Made to Cope With Specific Stressor Exhaustion Alarm Resistance The General Adaptation Syndrome(Figure 5-3) Stressor

  7. Eustress Distress Positive Reaction to Stress Negative Very Low Very High Stress Level Eustress and Distress(Figure 5-4)

  8. Dealing With Others’ Stress Work Environment Responsibility for Others Interpersonal Conflict Role Stressors Specific Job Demands Hassles Emotional Labor Life Events Stressors Stressors

  9. Stressors in the Work Environment • Job risk • Prolonged noise • Glaring or inadequate lighting • Temperature variations • Poor air quality • Required repetitive motions

  10. Focus on Management:FDNY Tries to Rescue Its Own • Members of the New York City Fire Department (FDNY) played heroic roles following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center. • Now, the FDNY is facing another rescue attempt, trying to find and treat emotionally troubled firefighters. • The nightmarish events of the day haunt surviving FDNY members, causing retirements, stress leaves, and seeking of psychological help.

  11. Web Wise: Toastmasters • Toastmasters International is an organization dedicated to helping people to develop better listening, thinking, and speaking skills. • At Toastmasters, members learn by speaking to groups and working with others in a supportive environment. • Each Toastmasters meeting gives participants an opportunity to conduct meetings, give impromptu speeches, present prepared speeches, and offer constructive evaluation. • http://www.toastmasters.org

  12. Stressful Life Events(Figure 5-5)

  13. Hassles • While “big” things, such as deaths and disasters, are clearly stressful, so are daily hassles. • Such things as a troublesome neighbor, home renovations, a long daily commute, financing children’s education, and even dealing with a malfunctioning teller machine can all add to one’s stress levels. • What these things lack in severity they make up in frequency.

  14. Role Overload or Underload Role Conflict: Conflicting Expectations Role Ambiguity: Unclear Expectations Role Stressors Role Stress

  15. Forms of Role Conflict • Intersender role conflict results from conflicting expectations of different role senders. • Intrasender role conflict occurs when a single role sender transmits incompatible expectations. • Inter-role conflict comes about through incompatible demands of different roles. • Person-role conflict results from clashes between role demands and personal values and expectations.

  16. Role Overload and Underload(Figure 5-6) Nature of Mismatch Work Work Amount Type Quantitative Underload Qualitative Underload Insufficient Level of Mismatch Excessive Quantitative Overload Qualitative Overload

  17. Type A Behavior Pattern + - Optimism Hardiness - - Tension Discharge Rate Personal Influences on Stress Stress

  18. Some Signs of Stress • Trouble in concentrating • Working excessively but not effectively • Feeling that you’ve lost perspective on what’s important in life • Angry outbursts • Changes in sleeping patterns • Loss of interest in social and recreational activities • Prolonged fatigue • Increases in smoking, drinking, and eating • A feeling that you just can’t face the day

  19. Major Components of Burnout(Figure 5-7) Physical Exhaustion (Fatigue, Lack of Energy) Emotional Exhaustion (Depression, Feelings of Hopelessness) Reduced Performance, Other Negative Effects Intense and Prolonged Work-Related Stress Attitudinal Exhaustion (Cynicism, Negative Views of Others, of One’s Own Work) Feelings of Low Personal Accomplishment

  20. Web Wise: Dale Carnegie Training • Dale Carnegie’s book, How to Win Friends and Influence People, inspired generations of salespeople and others with its messages about the power of positive thinking. • Dale Carnegie Training teaches selling and public speaking skills and publishes a variety of books. It has implemented training in over 400 of the Fortune 500 corporations • It has more than 4 million graduates, 2,700 professional instructors, and courses in 70 countries and 20 languages. • http://www.dale-carnegie.com/

  21. Successful Wellness Programs • Wellness programs offered by Sentara Healthcare and Chevron Corporation were winners of the C. Everett Koop National Health Award. • Sentara’s Healthy Edge program incorporates awareness of health risks, handbooks about common disorders and how to treat them, and many on-site fitness programs. It also encourages “power naps” during work hours. • Chevron has an on-site fitness center, coaches who lead stretching exercises during breaks in the offices, and staff specialists who facilitate such “energizers” as stretches and laughter before meetings. Employees can set “ergonomic breaks” on their computers.

  22. Implement Strategies to Reduce or Eliminate Stressors Implement Strategies to Reduce or Eliminate Negative Stress Reactions Use Organizational Resources for Managing Stress More Effectively Develop More Effective Coping Mechanisms for Handling Stress- ful Situations The Bottom Line: The Stress Management Process Identify Major Personal and Work Stressors

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