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Women in the Middle East:

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Women in the Middle East:

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    1. Women in the Middle East: Common Threads and Diversity of Experience

    2. Common Threads Fewer women than men in public life Fewer women than men in the public workforce Higher rates of female illiteracy Lower rates of female education Patriarchal system in the home and in public life

    3. Female Illiteracy

    4. Women’s Participation in the Formal Work Force & Politics About 80 percent of men participate in the formal workforce; only about 33 percent of women (in the MENA region) About 3.5 % of parliamentary seats are occupied by women (lowest % in the world)

    5. Patriarchy: a system that privileges males and elders, giving males legal and economic power over his family members.  In broader terms, the extension of male dominance over women in society in general. 

    6. Patriarchal system Public: Public office Court testimony Dress codes Segregated work spaces Limitations on movement Private: Last names Child custody Divorce/marriage laws Freedom of movement & employment

    7. Variations in Experience

    8. Differences National Legal Employment In Turkey, one in three doctors & lawyers is a woman; about 40% of Istanbul Stock Exchange traders are women Literacy Regional Class and status Cultural

    11. Regional Diversity – a Turkish case

    12. Regional diversity Literacy: 78 % literacy for women in Turkey overall (92 % men); Southeast Turkey, only 55 % women literate. Education: 92% girls in elementary school in Turkey overall; only 75% in the Southeast Marriage: in the Southeast, 20% girls marry before age 15 (highly uncommon in the rest of Turkey)

    13. Class differences: Jobs and status

    14. Diversity in Dress: “Veiling” and the headscarf Veiling and exclusion from work NOT synonymous Full-body covering not specifically required in the Quran Historically, veiling primarily an upper-class luxury

    15. What do we mean by “veiling”?

    16. Types of head and body cover

    17. Types of body covering cont.

    18. Head and body fashion, images

    19. Hijab Fashion

    21. Why do women veil? What does it mean for them?

    22. Other perspectives? Covering as empowerment Assertion of women’s rights “Post-modern” reaction Local custom Peer or family pressure

    23. Clothing and the Quran "Say to the believing man that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that will make for greater purity for them; and Allah is well acquainted with all that they do. And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; and that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands..." (Qur'an 24:30-31)

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