WORLD HISTORY II

1. WORLD HISTORY II SOL REVIEW

2. Judaism Concentrated in Europe and Middle East in 1500 Now concentrated in US and Israel Monotheistic- “one God” 10 Commandment- rules of moral conduct Torah –Holy writings Holy city-Jerusalem Christianity Concentrated in Europe and Middle East in 1500 Now North and South America and Europe Monotheistic Jesus is Son of God Life after death New Testament- Life and teachings of Jesus Christian doctrine established by early church councils Holy city Jerusalem and Bethlehem World Religions

3. Islam Concentrated in Western Asia, Africa and Southern Europe in 1500 Now in Middle East, Africa and Asia Monotheistic Muhammed is the prophet Koran is holy book Five Pillars of Islam Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem are holy cities Buddhism Concentrated in East and Southeast Asia in 1500 Now East and Southeast Asia Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) founder Four Noble Truths Eightfold path to enlightenment Spread from India to China and other parts of Asia Asoka’s missionaries and their writings World Religions

4. World Religions • Hinduism • Concentrated in India in 1500 and now • Many forms of one deity (god) • Caste system • Reincarnation • Karma- Future reincarnation based on present behavior

5. Renaissance • “Rebirth” of Classical Knowledge (ancient Greece and Rome) • Birth of the Modern World • Humanism- belief in the abilities of people • Secularism- concern for nonreligious subjects • Began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe • Contributions • Art- Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci • Literature- Shakepeare • Intellectual ideas- Erasmus

6. Regional Trade in 1500 • Traditional patterns of trade in 1500 • Silk roads across Asia (China)to the Mediterranean (Italian city states) • Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean • Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa • Northern European links with the Black Sea • Western European sea and river trade • South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia

7. Why was trade important? • Exchange of products and ideas • China- Paper, compass, silk, porcelain • India and Middle East- Textiles, numeral system Exchange in science from contact with the Muslims in the Middle East • Medicine • Astronomy • Mathematics

8. Now Lets take a break and see how much you remember?

9. The Reformation What problems and issues caused the Reformation? • Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury(charging interest for loaning money) • German and English kings disliked Italian control of the Church • The Church had a great deal of political power and wealth- Popes interfered in the politics of other countries • Corruption in the church • Sale of indulgences(certificate purchased for the forgiveness of sins

10. The First Protestant Reformer Martin Luther • Was angered by sale of indulgences • Wrote the 95 Theses which outlined his disagreements with the Church • When he refused to take them back he was excommunicated and he formed his own church, the Lutheran Church, the first protestant church. • Views • Salvation by faith alone • Bible was the ultimate authority • All humans equal before God

11. Other Protestant Reformers • John Calvin (Calvinist Tradition) • Predestination- those who were saved was chosen by God at birth • Faith revealed by living a righteous life • Working and being successful showed you were chosen by God

12. King Henry VIII (the Anglican Tradition) • Wanted a divorce but Pope refused to give him one • Established himself as the head of the national church in England • Appropriated (took) the land and wealth of the Church in England • Dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome

13. Reformation in Germany • Princes in Northern Germany converted to protestantism • The Hapsburg family and princes in the South continued to support the Pope and Church • Thirty Years’ War- conflict between the Protestants of the North and the Catholics of the south

14. Reformation In England • Anglican Church became the national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I • The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism (private ownership of business with the goal of making a profit)

15. Reformation in France • Catholic monarchy granted French Protestants, Hugenots, freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes (later revoked) • Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from religious to political in an attempt to increase the power of France.

16. Catholic Counter Reformation • Series of reforms by the Church designed to stop the spread of Protestantism and reassert the Church’s authority • Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded to act as missionaries and teachers • Inquisition established as a church court to try and punish heretics (those who went against the chuch)

17. Role of the Printing Press • Gutenberg invented a printing press with moveable type • Books became more available and less expensive • Growth of literacy • Bible of printed in English, French, and German Important in spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance

18. Results of the Reformation • Growth of secularism • Growth of individualism • Growth of religious toleration

19. Factors contributing to the Age of Discovery • Gold • Demand for gold, spices and natural resources in Europe • Glory • -Political and economic competition between European empires • God • -Desire to spread Christianity

20. Improvements in navigation • Caravel –new type of ship • Compass • Astrolabe • Contribution of Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal • Established a school for navigators, sailors and mapmakers • Financed early voyages of exploration

21. Major explorers • Portugal- Vasco da Gama • Spain • Christopher Columbus (discovered the New World) • Hernando Cortez (defeated the Aztecs) • Franciso Pizarro (defeated the Incas) • Ferdinand Magellan (1st to circumnavigate the globe-sail around the world)

22. More explorers • England • Sir Francis Drake • France • -Jacques Cartier

23. Results of the Age of Exploration • Diffusion of Christianity • Migration of colonists to new lands • Conversion of indigenous (native) people • Expansion of overseas territorial claims and European emigration to North and South America • Indigenous people were killed and enslaved • Rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin America • Forced migration of some Africans into slavery • Colonies imitated the culture and society of mother countries

24. Columbian Exchange • Western Hemisphere agricultural products such as corn, potatoes, and tobacco changed European lifestyles • European horses and cattle changed the lifestyles of American Indians • European diseases like smallpox killed many American Indians

25. Results of trade • Africa • European trading posts along the coast • Trade in slaves, gold and other products • Asia • -Colonization by small groups of Merchants • -India, the Indies and China • -Portugese, Dutch and British set up trading companies

26. Impact of the Columbian Exchange • Shortage of labor to grow cash crops led to the use of African slaves • Slavery was based on race • European plantation system in the Caribbean and the Americas destroyed indigenous economics and damaged the environment

27. Triangular Trade Linked Europe, Africa and the Americas. Slaves, sugar and rum were traded Most slaves came from coast of West Africa Middle Passage was the voyage of slaves across the Atlantic Ocean Export of precious metals Gold and silver were exported to Europe and Asia Incas and Aztecs and other natives were used as slave labor in mines Increase in supplies of gold and silver led to inflation in Spain

28. Ottoman Empire • Located in Asia Minor • Expanded • Southwest Asia, Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula, North Africa • Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul • Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted other religions • Trade in coffee and ceramics

29. Mughal Empire • Located in North India • Spread Islam into India • Building of the Taj Mahal • Influence of the Indian textiles on the British textile industry • Europeans established coastal ports in India to compete for trade

30. China Creation of foreign enclaves to control trade-foreigners were restricted to certain cities Emperor controlled foreign influence and trade Increase in European demand for Chinese goods such as tea and porcelain Japan Characterized by powerless emporor ruled by shogun (military leader) Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

31. Commercial Revolution • Mercantilism • Economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to became self-sufficient • Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country • Competition for overseas markets, colonies and resources

32. Commercial Revolution • New economic system emerged • New money and banking system were created • Economic practices such as mercantilism evolved • Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country

33. Stand Up and Stretch! Let’s see how much you remember.

34. The Scientific Revolution • Pioneers • Copernicus-developed heliocentric theory • Kepler- discovered planetary motion • Galileo- used telescope to support heliocentric theory • Newton-discovered laws of gravity • Harvey-discovered circulation of the blood

35. Scientific Revolution • Importance • emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature • Formulation of the scientific method • Expansion of scientific knowledge

36. Absolute Monarchies • Characteristics of absolute monarchies • centralization of power • concept of rule by divine right

37. Absolute monarchs • Louis XIV-France • Frederick the Great-emphasized army in Prussia • Peter the Great-wanted to westernize Russia

38. Development of the rights of Englishmen as a result of the English Civil War • Struggle between Roundheads (Puritans) and Cavaliers (supporters of the king) • Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector and King Charles I was executed. • The monarch was restored by Charles II.

39. Glorious Revolution • William and Mary took over the throne to prevent a Catholic from becoming King These events increased the power of the parliament over the King. Englishmen’s rights were protected by the English bill of Rights of 1689

40. The Enlightenment • Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world • stimulated religious toleration • Fueled democratic revolution around the world

41. Enlightenment Thinkers • Thomas Hobbes • Leviathan • The state must have central authority to manage behavior • John Locke • Two Treatises on Government • People are sovereign; monarchs are not Chosen by God • People have Natural rights

42. Montesquieu • Spirit of the Laws • The Best form of government includes a separation of powers- Judicial, legislative and executive • Jean Jacque Rousseau • The Social Contract • Government is a contract between rulers and the people. • Voltaire • Religious toleration and separation of Church and State

43. Enlightenment Artists, philosophers and writers • Bach, Mozart- composers • Eugene Delacroix-painter • Voltaire-philosopher • Cervantes- Novelist, DonQuixote • Paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits) • New forms of Literature-novel

44. Improvement of Technology • All weather roads improved year round transportation and trade • New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution) • Improvement in ship design lowered cost of transportation

45. Influence of the Enlightenment • Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France • Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Locke’s ideas • The Constitution of the US incorporated ideas of separation of powers.

46. French Revolution • Causes • Influence of Enlightenment Ideas • Influence of the American Revolution • Events of the French Revolution • Storming of the Bastille -seen as the beginning of the Revolution • Reign of Terror

47. French Revolution • Results • End of absolute monarchy • Rise of Napoleon • unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French domination • awakened feelings of national pride and growth of Nationalism

48. Influence of American and French Revolution • Independence movements came to French, Spanish and Portuguese colonies • Toussaint L’Ouverture-Haiti • Simon Bolivar- South America

49. Congress of Vienna • Restored Monarchies after the defeat of Napoleon. • Wanted to maintain a “balance of Power” • stimulated the growth of nationalism • new political philosophies • liberalism- government should change • conservativism- no change

50. Unification of Italy • Count Cavour unified Northern Italy • Garibaldi joined Southern Italy to northern Italy • The Papal States (including Rome) were last to join Italy