Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Classical Period

2. Homework • Read Chapter 7 Rome and • Write your chapter notes. • Write your cue cards Due Monday October 9th • Unit 2 Test Friday October 13. All unit 2 cue cards will be due (turn in before test)

3. Over the span of 160 years between c. 480 and 323 B.C.E., the Greeks established an ideal of beauty that has endured in the Western world to to this day. Scholars have associated Greek classical art with three general concepts: humanism, rationalism, and idealism.

4. Our words “classic” and “classical” come from the Latin word classis, referring to the division of people into classes based on wealth. Consequently, “classic” has come to mean “first class”, “the highest rank”, “the standard of excellence.” Greek artists in the fifth century BCE sought to create ideal images based on strict mathematical proportions.

5. The ancient Greeks believed the words of their philosophers and followed these injunctions in their art: “Man is the measure of all things,” that is, seek an ideal based on the human form; “Know thyself.” seek the inner significance of forms; and “Nothing in excess,” reproduce only essential forms.

6. In their embrace of humanism, the Greeks even imagined their gods as perfect human beings. But the Greeks valued human reason over human emotion. They saw all aspects of life, including the arts, as having meaning and pattern. Nothing happens by accident.

7. It is not surprising that great Greek artists and architects were not only practitioners but theoreticians as well. In the fifth century BCE, the architect Iktinos and artists Polykleitos wrote books on theory.

8. Krater NIOBID PAINTER, Artemis and Apollo slaying the children of Niobe 3-Quarter Profile

9. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/greek-pottery/v/niobid-kraterhttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/greek-pottery/v/niobid-krater 6 min Class Quiz

10. Art Activity • You will create your own miniature vase with clay and slip. • When??? • HW: have a small image in mind that you would like to put on your vase. You can print the image and trace it onto the clay. Keep it simple though.

11. The Charioteer of Delphi(Early Classical or Severe Style) IB

12. The Charioteer of Delphi is one of the most important sculptures of ancient Greece partly because it vividly represents the passage from the Archaic conventions to the Classical ideals. It exemplifies the balance between stylized geometric representation and idealized realism, thus capturing the moment in history when western civilization leaped forward to define its own foundations that braced it for the next few millennia.

13. Charioteer --though victorious-- stands with admirable modesty and faces the crowd in total control of his emotions. This Self-discipline was a sign of civilized man in Classical Greece, and a concept that permeates the art of this period. The ability to restrain one's emotions especially during the most challenging of moments came to define the entire Classical era of Greek art and thought.

14. The posture of the Charioteer is well balanced, and his long chiton drapes over his abundant athletic body with architectural certainty, allowing idealism to flow through the serene parallel folds that run the length of his lower body before they begin to curl neatly over his torso. The geometric folds of the chiton overlie an obvious and well proportioned muscular body, thus achieving a rare harmony between idealism and realism.

15. The facial expression betrays none of the exuberance we would expect a victorious athlete to project, especially immediately following the race. Instead the athletic youth stands and stares with a natural ease that allows him to levitate in a realm between earthly and divine spaces. The statue's eyelashes and the lips are made of copper, while the head band in the shape of a meander is impressed in silver, and the eyes are made of onyx. The detailed curls of his wet hair and soft beard speak of the preceding race in intimate and subtle details that lend the sculpture an aura of luxury and idealized realism.

16. The Charioteer's garment, the xystis, is the typical chiton that all chariot drivers wore during the race. It spans his whole body all the way to his ankles, and is fastened high at the waist as was customary with a plain belt. The two straps that cross high at his upper back and round his shoulders are also typical of a chariot racer's attire, and they prevent the xystis from "ballooning" as the air is forced inside the chiton during the race.

17. The feet of the Charioteer have been modeled with scholarly realism, and exist not as a mere base for the statue, nor as a simple representation of human anatomy. Instead they act as the negotiator that instigates the delicate twist of the entire body, and infuses fluidity and lightness to the naturally heavy bronze mass.

18. Khan Video • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art?ref=resume_learning#early-classical • 4 min.

19. Temple of Zeus, Olympia (IB) • The first great monument of Classical art and architecture. • Site of the Olympic Games

20. The massive temple of Zeus, the most important building in the Altis, standing in its very centre, is the largest temple in the Peloponnese, considered by many to be the perfect example of Doric architecture. It was built by the Eleans from the spoils of the Triphylian war and dedicated to Zeus. Construction began c. 470 and was completed before 456 BC, when an inscribed block was let into the east gable to support a gold shield dedicated by the Spartans in commemoration of their victory at Tanagra. The architect was Libon of Elis; the sculptor of the pediments is unknown.  

21. CONTRAPPOSTO CONTRAPPOSTO (or COUNTERPOISE), an Italian word, describes the stance of the human body in which one leg bears the weight while the other is relaxed. An asymmetry is created in the shoulder-hip axis. This is a natural, relaxed body pose. Early sculptures of human figures, while anatomically correct, appeared stiff and unnatural

22. CONTRAPPOSTO Here is an example of an Egyptian sculpture from the 4th Dynasty, c. 2500 BCE., Menekaura and a Queen. Notice the unnatural stiffness of the figures.

23. CONTRAPPOSTO If we look at the early Greek sculpture, the Anavysos Kouros (c 525 BCE), the unnatural stiffness is still present. ...the shoulders are level ...the hips are level ...both fists are level ...even the knees are level ...but the left leg is thrust forward. The left leg is forward and would have to be six inches longer! Does the Anavysos Koursos statue demonstrate contrapposto? The Answer is NO.

24. CONTRAPPOSTO Contrapposto first appeared in classical Greek sculpture. ...the left shoulder is higher than the right shoulder ...an angle from the right shoulder to the left hip. The leg is relaxed and the hip bone is lower. ...the right leg bears all the body’s weight. Also notice how the knees are not level and at an angle. The shoulders counterbalance the hips. If the hips and shoulders were parallel, we could not balance and would fall over! Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) Polykleitos

25. POLYKLEITOS, Doryphoros (Spear Bearer)

26. Chiastic (cross balance) Chiastic (cross balance) is asymmetrical balance …right arm and leg rigid & stiff creating columnar stability and anchoring …the bent left arm and leg …head turns right, hips twist left, back foot turns outward creating a twist in the body

27. CONTRAPPOSTO The classical Greeks progressed to where they were able to model the human in a nonsymmetrical, relaxed stance that appears much more realistic. This was lost during the Middle Ages and was rediscovered by artists like Donatello during the Renaissance

28. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/polykleitos-doryphoros-spear-bearerhttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/polykleitos-doryphoros-spear-bearer • Video on Doryphoros (Spear Bearer) • 5 min • Class quiz

29. Theme: Humanism and the Classical Tradition • Annotate the following worksheet and complete the Similarities and Differences portion.

30. Acropolis Plan

31. Athens originated as a Neolithic acropolis, or “part of the city on top of a hill” (akro means “high” and polis means “city”) that later served as a fortress and sanctuary. As the city grew, the Acropolis became the religious and ceremonial center devoted primarily to the goddess Athena, the city’s patron and protector.

32. Get out your worksheet packet. Fill it out as I play the videos. • Video on Parthenon • 15 min. • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/parthenon • Take Notes • Class quiz

33. Aerial View & Model of the Acropolis

34. IKTINOS and KALLIKRATES, Parthenon

35. Marble copy PHIDIAS, Athena Parthenos

36. Lapith versus centaur l

37. Helios and his horses, and Dionysis Three Goddess (Hestia, Dione, and Aphrodite?)

38. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/phidias-sculpture-from-the-east-pediment-of-the-parthenon-c-448-432-b-c-ehttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/phidias-sculpture-from-the-east-pediment-of-the-parthenon-c-448-432-b-c-e • 5 min.

39. Parthenon, West Pediment: Athena vs. Poseidon

40. Details of the Panathenaic Festival procession frieze

41. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/parthenon-ergastineshttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/parthenon-ergastines • 5 min

42. Temple of Athena Nike • The Iconic Temple of Athena Nike (victory of war), was designed and built around 425 BCE. Reduced to rubble during the Turkish occupation of Greece in the seventeenth century CE, the temple has since been rebuilt.

43. Nike (Victory) Adjusting Her Sandal • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ancient-art-civilizations/greek-art/classical/v/sandal-nike • 5 min

44. Athenian Agora • Archaic through Hellenistic • In Athens, as in most cities of ancient Greece, commercial, civic, and social life revolved around the marketplace, or agora. The Athenian Agora, at the foot of the Acropolis, began as an open space where farmers and artisans displayed their wares.

45. Over time, public and private structures were erected on both sides of the Panathenaic Way, a ceremonial road used during an important festival in honor of Athena.

46. A stone drainage system was installed to prevent flooding, and a large fountain house was built to provide water for surrounding homes, administrative buildings, and shops.

47. By 400 BCE, the Agora contained several religious and administrative structures and even a small racetrack. Also, the military headquarters, and two buildings devoted to court business were at located at the Agora.

48. Khan Video • https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/ancient-mediterranean-ap • 5 min.

49. Function? • Content? • Setting/location of the • women? • How does the jewelry • box represent “man”? Grave stele of Hegeso

50. Late Classical