Female Reproductive system

1. Female Reproductive system

2. 1. Components ---ovary: • produce ovum • secrete female sex hormones ---oviduct: • duct for fertilized ovum(zygote) passing through • place where fertilization takes place ---uterus: organ where the fetus grow up ---vagina

3. Ovary ---ovoid, 4X2X1 cm ---located on either sides of uterus in pelvic cavity

5. 1) General structure: ---capsule: /superficial epithelium: a layer of squamous or cuboidal cell /tunica albuginea: DCT ---cortex: /different stage of follicles /matrix(stroma): cell-rich, dense CT ---medulla: LCT with BV, LV ---hilum: SM and hilus cell

6. 2)Different phases ---childhood: before development- all follicle are primordial follicle(700,000-2,000,000) ---puberty: the ability for reproduce begin to develop(40,000 primordial follicle) ---sexual maturity: (400-500 are released) • different stage of follicles can be seen • have a cyclic change-menstrual cycle ---climacteric: the ability of reproduce decrease ---senescence: all follicle disappear, replaced by CT

7. 3) Development and maturation of follicle ---sexual maturity, non-pregnant stage ---follicle = oocyte + follicular cell

8. ① primordial follicle ---oocyte: primary oocyte /30um in D /large, vesicular nucleus /slight eosinophilic cytoplasm ---follicular cell: a layer of flattened cell

9. * before birth, oogonia come from yolk sac, enter ovarian cortex, developed into primary oocyte, then primary oocyte begin the first meiosis, but rest at prophase of division

10. *growing follicle: ② primary follicle: primordial follicle begin to grow ---oocyte: LM: become large EM: rich in organelles ---follicular cell: become a layer of cuboidal or more layers ---zona pellucide: /a layer of homogeneous structure-glycoprotein /eosinophilic in HE stain

12. ③ secondary follicle: small space appear ---primary oocyte: continuous to develop and reach largest D(125-150um) ---follicular cell: more layers ---follicular cavity: space between follicular cells (6-12 layers) /small space→large cavity (filled with follicular fluid)

13. ---cumulus oophorus: follicular fluid increase to force the oocyte and some follicular cells move to one side to form a hillock-liked structure ---corona radiate: follicular cell near oocyte arranged radiately ---stratum granulosum: follicular cell which constitute the wall of follicle ---theca folliculi: derived form surrounding stroma cell which proliferate and differentiate • theca interna: rich in cells( theca cell) -spindle-shaped, polyhedral -steroid-hormone cell’s feature: oestrogen • theca externa: CT, fiber

17. ④ mature follicle: (2 cm in D) ---a follicle require about 10-14 days to reach a mature stage ---follicular fluid: increase /follicular cavity: enlarge /stratum granulosum: thinner ---small space appear between the cell of corona radiate ---The first meiosis division is completed, primary oocyte divides into secondary oocyte and first polar body(will disappear), then secondary oocyte begin the second meiosis and rest at middle stage of division

18. 2)Ovulation ---definition: the process by which secondary oocyte, zona pellucide, corona radiate and follicular fluid are released into the pelvic cavity, then captured by oviduct fimbriated funnel

19. ---processes: follicle projects from surface of ovaries→the area lack of blood →follicular stigma→tissue is dissolved by proteiolytase and collegenase, SM contract→follicle rupture→force the cumulus oophorus go out of the follicle ---time: fourteenth day of menstruation ---ovum maintain the capacity for fertilization for 24 hours

20. 3) formation of corpus luteum ---definition: after ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapse, CT and blood vessel enter the follicle to form a yellow-colored, gland-liked structure

21. ---components and functions: • granulose lutein cell: -come from stratum granulosum cell -LM: large, pale weakly eosinophilic, and centrally distributed -EM: steroid-hormone secreting cell’s feature -function: secrete progesterone

22. *steroid-hormone secreting cell: EM: rich in /mitochondria with tubulovesicular cristea, /SER /lipid droplet

23. theca lutein cell: -come from theca interna -LM: small, deep stained, and peripherally distributed -EM: steroid-hormone secreting cell’s feature -function: secrete oestrogen

24. ---development: • corpus luteum of menstruation: -not fertilized -exist for 12-14 days, then become corpus albicans • corpus luteum of pregnance: -fertilized -exist for 6 months, then become corpus albicans

25. 4) Atretic follicle and interstial gland ---atretic follicle: follicle degenerate and perish ---interstitial gland: during the degenerating processes of secondary follicle, cells of theca interna exist and active for a certain time to form a gland, and produce oestrogen

27. OVIDUCTInfundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and intramural portion • Mucosal folds with simple columnar ciliated cells and secretory cells • Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle coat • Outer covering of peritoneal mesothelium

29. UTERUS • Uterus body - perimetrium - myometrium • endometrium: basal layer and • functional layers (menstrual cycle) • Uterus Cervix No menstrual cycle in endocervix

31. Menstrual Cycle (28 days) • 1-4 day: menstrual phase • 5-14 day: proliferative ( follicular phase) • 15-28 day:secretory (luteal phase) thick, uterine gland, stroma cell, matrix, spiral artery, predecidual cell, ovary structure & hormone profile

35. Hormonal Regulation of Menstrual Cycle • Feedback mechanism GnRH / FSH LH / Estrogen Progestogen • Follicle & E. /Proliferative Phase • LH peak and Ovulation • Corpus luteum & E.P/Secretory Phase • E & P decline and Menstrual Phase What happens if Fertilization /pregnancy occurs ?

39. HOME WORK • What is the main differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis ? • Describe the structure of ovary at 6 yr and 25 yr; 7th day of the cycle, 21st day of the cycle, one month after pregnancy • How many types of cell in ovary involve in hormone production ?

40. HOME WORK 2 • Describe the basic structure of vagina and its cyclic change during cycle. • Describe the basic structure of mammary gland and the main difference between resting and breast-feeding mammary gland.