1 / 23

The cardiovascular system: blood

The cardiovascular system: blood. Chapter 11: Hematology. The functions of blood. Transportation : of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes. Regulation : of pH , blood clotting, body temperature, and renal control .

elan
Download Presentation

The cardiovascular system: blood

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. The cardiovascular system: blood Chapter 11: Hematology

  2. The functions of blood • Transportation: of dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes. • Regulation: of • pH, • blood clotting, • body temperature, and • renal control. • Protection: against harmful toxins and pathogens

  3. Anatomy of blood • Blood is a fluid connective tissue that contains: • Plasma (55%) • Dissolved proteins • Denser than water • Formed elements (45%) • Blood cells • Platelets (cell fragments)

  4. measuring blood • When we take blood, there are 3 characteristics we look at: • Temperature(100.4°F) • Viscosity (5x Water’s) • pH (7.35-7.45), Slightly Alkaline

  5. plasma • Water takes up 92% of plasma volume • 8% Electrolytes, Proteins, Nutrients • Proteins: • Albumins (60%): of plasma proteins, produced in the liver, maintain osmotic balance (via water retention) • Globulins (35%): • Immunoglobulins: attack foreign proteins and pathogens; antibodies • Transport (escort) Proteins: carry compounds that are not water soluble (i.e. lipids) • Fibrinogens: function in blood clotting when converted to fibrin. *Liver synthesizes many of these proteins. Not this

  6. Formed elements • Produced via hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) • Composition: (Hematocrit) • 99.9 % RedBloodCells (Erythrocytes) • <.1% WhiteBloodCells (Leukocytes) • ~ 1 to every 1000 RBCs • <.1% Platelets

  7. Red blood cells • Shape: Biconcave discs • Mature RBCs lack nuclei and other organs (Erythropoiesis) • Life cycle: ~120 days; 1% replaced each day (3 million new cells each second!) • Hemoglobin: made of two globular proteins; contains heme pigment which holds an iron ion that binds with oxygen

  8. Hemoglobin – iron in the blood heme a close up of Fe hemoglobin heme b

  9. Clinical note: Sickle Cell ANemia • Cause: genetic mutation that affects the globular protein of hemoglobin • Sickled cells can easily clot and cause oxygen starvation of tissues

  10. Antigens – can trigger an immune response • Antibody generator • Four Blood Types: • Type A: surface antigen A, plasma Anti-B Antibodies • Type B: surface antigen B, plasma Anti-A Antibodies • Type AB: surface antigen A & B, no anti-A or B antibodies • Type O: no surface antigens A or B, plasma Anti-A & Anti-B Antibodies • (+/-): Determined by presence or absence of Rh antigens on RBCs • Cross-reactions: mixing of blood types can cause agglutination (clumping) of RBCs and eventual hemolysis (RBC destruction) • Anti-Rh antibodies are not normally present in plasma, unless exposure sensitizes an individual.

  11. Platelets – thrombocytes • Cell fragments that function in blood clotting • Formed from megakaryocytes • “Stick” together at injury sites to stop bleeding (hemostasis)

  12. White blood cells – leukocytes • Larger than RBCs, have nuclei, lack hemoglobin • Function: defense against pathogens, toxins, wastes and abnormal/damaged cells • Two groups: granulocytes & agranulocytes • Amoeboid movement • Migration out of the blood stream • Some capable of phagocytosis

  13. Granulocytes • Neutrophils • Eosinophils • Basophils • Agranulocytes • Monocytes • Lymphocytes

  14. neutrophils • 70% of WBSs • First to arrive at an injury site • Active phagocytes (esp. bacteria) • Produced in bone marrow • 10-hour lifespan • Death recruits other WBCs and forms pus

  15. eosinophils • 2-4% of WBSs • Two-lobed and dyed red by eosin • Attack anti-body labeled materials by exocytosis (secretion) of toxins • Produced in bone marrow

  16. basophils • <1% of WBSs • Deep purple/blue with many granules • Migrate to injury sites and stimulates inflammation (via histamine) and prevents blood clotting (heparin) • Stimulated basophils release chemicals to attract other basophils and eosinophils • Produced in bone marrow

  17. monocytes • 2-8% of WBSs • About twice as big as a RBC • Large free or fixed macrophages • Aggressive phagocytes • Active monocytes release chemicals to attract and stimulate other neutrophils, monocytes, phagocytes, and draw fibroblasts to the region. • Produced in bone marrow

  18. lymphocytes • 20-30% of WBCs • Large nucleus with “halo” of cytoplasm • Integrates with lymphatic system • Do not rely on phagocytosis • Produced in bone marrow and lymphoid tissues

  19. Abnormal amounts of leukocytes • Too few: leukopenia • Too many: leukocytosis • Extreme leukocytosis: leukemia • Cancer of blood-forming tissues.

  20. hemostasis • Hemo “blood” + stasis “halt”: stops bleeding • Vascular Phase: constriction of damaged blood vessels (~30mins); blood vessel spasm • Platelet Phase: “sticky” platelets form a platelet plug • Coagulation Phase: conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

  21. Abnormal hemostasis • Excessivecoagulation • Thrombus: blood clot attached to wall • Embolus: moving blood clot • i.e. strokes, pulmonary embolism: immobile embolus within a blood vessel. • Inadequate coagulation • Hemophilia • Missing clotting factor • Symptoms including excessive bleeding (external and internal)

More Related