Kingdom Animalia

1. Kingdom Animalia

2. The Animal Kingdom • Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth. • About 800,000 species have been identified. • Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within Kingdom Animalia.

3. The Animal Kingdom

4. The Animal Kingdom • Most animals reproduce sexually, by means of differentiated haploid cells (eggs and sperm). • Most animals are diploid, meaning that the cells of adults contain two copies of the genetic material. • Some animals can reproduce asexually through budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis

5. Animal Systems • Skeletal: exoskeleton (i.e. shells), endoskeleton, or other special adaptations (i.e. bones) provide support, protection • Muscular: muscle attachment to skeletal systems allows for locomotion • Digestion: incomplete or complete digest food and absorb nutrients • Circulatory: open or closed circulatory systems distribute of nutrients and oxygen; remove of wastes • Respiratory: Absorption of oxygen; removal of CO2 by lungs, book-lungs, gills • Excretory: Removal of wastes through nephrites or kidneys • Nervous: Perception, control of movement, control and coordination of organ system activities by brain, spinal cord, nerves, nerve-net • Reproductive: Production of new organisms through sexual or asexual reproduction (organisms may be male, female, or hermaphroditic)

6. The Animal Kingdom • The animal kingdom can be divided into two categories: Invertebrate and Vertebrate

7. Obj. 4 – 14 Invertebrate AnimalsIntro to Invertebrates • Animals without backbones Invertebrate Phylums Porifera Cnidarians Platyhelminthes Nematodes Annelids Mollusks Arthropods Echinoderms

8. Note Taking Chart

9. Porifera (pore bearing) Characteristics • They look like plants but they are animals (most primitive). • Mostly marine (colorful); some fresh water (dull green) • Adult sponges stay fixed in one place; larvae free swimming. • No symmetry. • Their bodies are full of holes (pores) and their skeleton is made of spiky fibers called spicules. • Filter-feeders of plankton. Water pumped through pores by flagellum movement of collar cells, microvilli trap plankton, water enters center cavity and exits through osculum.

10. Water Flow Through the Sponge WATER OUT WATER IN Osculum

11. Porifera cont. . . central cavity • Sponges are hermaphroditic • Reproduce both sexually (collar cells form sperm and eggs) and asexually (fragmentation and budding). • No formal excretory, respiratory, or circulatory system – these functions occur through diffusion. • Has no nervous system A. Collar cells B. Epidermal cell C. Pore cell D. Osculum F. Spicule sponge video clips

12. HD Vid of Sponges • How a sponge works

13. Note Taking Chart

14. Cnidarian • Jellyfish, Hydra, Corals Characteristics • mostly marine; some fresh water • Form alter between polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile) • No centralized nervous system; possesses a nerve-net and muscle fibers for stimuli response • Stinging cells on tentacles (nematocytes) for defense and capturing prey.

15. Cnidarian cont. . . • No formal circulatory, excretory, or respiratory system; movement of particles by diffusion at cell level • Digestion begins in the gastrovascular cavity and finishes in cellular organelles • Reproduces both sexually, asexually (budding or fragmentation), or both (self fertilization)

16. Cnidarians cont. . . • Possess specialized gonads that produce both sperm and eggs (hermaphroditic) • Demonstrates radial symmetry • Some members have hydrostatic skeletons, others posses exoskeletons or endoskeletons composed of chitin or minerals like calcium carbonate. • Cnidaria (Coelenterates) • Dangerous Jellyfish Cnidaria video clips invertebrate video clips

17. Platyhelminthes Characteristics • Flatworms (i.e. planaria, tapeworms, flukes) • Flat ribbon-like body • Live in water or as parasites in intestines • Possess bilateral symmetry (cephalization) • Simple digestive system; food and waste go in and out the same opening

18. Platyhelminthes cont. . . • Possess a nervous system of a simple brain (ganglion) and ventral nerve chord; eyespots capable of detecting light • No organized respiratory, circulatory or excretory system; diffusion at the cellular level

20. Platyhelminthes cont. . . • Has a thick cuticle for protection • Hermaphroditic; reproduces sexually, asexually (fragmentation), or both (self-fertilization) • Has no coelom • Support from hydrostatic skeleton Flatworms regenaration Tapeworm Diet

21. Nematoda Characteristics • Round worms (i.e. pinworms, hookworms, trichina worms) • are less than 1 mm long. • There are loads of nematodes in soil and water. • Some are decomposers others parasites of animals or plants (cause trichinosis and hookworm disease)

22. Nematoda cont. . . • Pinworms and hookworms in soil burrow into the skin of people who go barefoot outdoors • Trichina worms infest people who eat undercooked pork or wild game. • Live in damp places and they can also live inside humans and other animals. • They too can make people and other animals sick.

24. Nematoda cont. . . • Round body form; outer body not segmented • Psuedocoelomate • Bilateral symmetry (cephalization) • Simple digestive tract with mouth and anus • Simple nervous system; dorsal and ventral nerve chords

25. Nematoda cont. . . • Move by thrashing back and forth • Reproduce sexually (internal fertilization) • Circulatory and respiratory system consists of diffusion at cellular level • Hydrostatic skeleton roundworm video clip hookeworm videoclip

26. Annelida Characteristics • Segmented worms (i.e. earthworm, leach) • Bilateral symmetry (cephalization) • External segmentation; each segment contains nephridia (excretory device) that remove water and waste • First evidence of a true coelom

27. Annelida cont. . . • Hydrostatic skeleton • Simple closed circulatory system (blood contained in vessels moved from muscular vessels called the hearts) • Complete digestive tract (mouth and anus) • Possesses a cuticle outer covering • Has well developed organs • Gas exchange through skin in some; gills in others

28. Annelida cont . . . • Nervous system: cephalic ganglia & double nerve chords; chemo-,balance, & photo- receptors (some have advanced eyes) • Hermaphroditic; reproduce sexually, asexually (fragmentation), or both • Found in marine, fresh water, and terrestrial habitats • From filter-feeders to active predators

30. Terebellid worm videoclip worm hearts videoclip worm birth video clip Earthworm movement videoclip earthworm digestion videoclip mating earthworms

31. Mollusca Characteristics • i.e. snails, clams, slugs, squid etc. • Basic body structure – mantle, shell, foot • All have a mantle (fold of tissue draped around it’s soft fleshy body, contains vital organs and secretes material for shells) • Most have shells for structure and protection • Most have some type of muscular foot for locomotion

32. Mollusca cont. . . • Found in aquatic (fresh and marine) & terrestrial habitats • Developed nervous system with ganglia and paired nerve chords (some have large brains with well developed sense organs) • Has an open circulatory system • Gas exchange organ – gills; mantle for some • Possess a gut with mouth and anus • Bilaterally symmetrical • Have mesoderm lined body cavity

33. Mollusca cont. . . • Developed excretory system with use of kidneys • Hydrostatic skeleton; some have shell (exoskeleton) • Possess a radula – a toothed tongue for feeding and defense for some • some sessile, most are motile

34. Mollusca cont. . . • Normally sexual reproduction (external fertilization); hermaphroditic and independent sex organisms • Mollusks Overview Three different classes of Mollusca: Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda

35. Mollusca – Class Bivalvia • i.e. Clams, scallops, oysters • Habitat is mostly marine with some fresh water species; no land dwellers • Flattened shells divided in two halves hinged together; adductor muscles hold shells together to protect soft-bodied organism

36. Mollusca – Class Bivalvia • Bilaterally symmetrical yet lack cephalization • Hatchet shaped foot that extends through open shell anchoring (may aid locomotion in some species • Most use water propulsion for locomotion • Most are filter feeders but some can be scavengers or predators

37. Mollusca – Class Bivalvia • Gut includes a mouth and an anus • Only mulluscan class without a radula • Gills used for respiration • Possess an open circulatory system • Separate sexes with external fertilization (some oysters produce over 50 million eggs per season) • Bivalves Overview • Oyster Swimming • Giant Clams

38. Mollusca – Class Gastropoda • i.e. Snails, slugs, abolone • Name literally means “stomach foot”, describing the mode of transportation • The largest and highlty distributed of the mulluscan classes • Water (marine & fresh) dwellers have gills; land dwellers have lungs • Depending on species they can be predacious, herbivors or scavengers

39. Mollusca – Class Gastropoda • Possess an open circulatory system • Head well developed possessing eyes and tenticles • Foot flattened to creeping sole • Use radula to graze on photosynthetic organisms

40. Mollusca – Class Gastropoda • Abolones and snails have shells to protect organs • Reproduction is variable but most have separate sexes with external fertilization • Some may be hermaphroditic and some protandric hermaphroditic (male – female as age) • Gastropod Movement

41. Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda • i.e. Octopus, squid, cuttlefish, chambered nautalis • Tentacles – modified foot found near the head (cephalo – head; poda – foot) • Only mollusk with closed circulatory system • Locomotion through water propulsion (squid) or crawling on the ocean floor (octopus) • Large well developed eyes (what does this tell us about cephalization and bilateral symmetry?) • Giant Squid • Legend of The Kraken

42. Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda • Skeleton: exoskeleton – shell (only the chambered nautalis); endoskeleton - internal shell or cuttlebone or pen (cuttlefish and squid) • Marine carnivores with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles of their modified foot • Most developed nervous system and sensory organs (i.e. complex eyes) of mollusks – brain is largest of any invertebrates • Capable of communicating through visual signals

43. Mollusca – Class Cephalopoda • Most possess an ink sac for protection/evasion • Respiration by diffusion across mantle • Possess a complete digestive tract • Sexes are separate with sexual dimorphism in some (i.e. male modified arm) • Juveniles hatch directly from eggs – no larvae • Swimming with Nautiluses

44. Arthropoda General Characteristics • i.e. lobsters, millipedes, spiders, insects • jointed appendages (arthro- means join and pod- means foot); structure dictates locomotion • External and internal segmentation (head, abdomen, thorax) • appendages modified for walking, feeding, sensory reception, copulation, and defense. • Arthropds Part1 • Arthropods Part 2

45. Arthropoda • Process of growth called molting which sheds an old skeleton and secrete a new exoskeleton • Well developed sensory organs such as eyes, olfactory receptors (smell), and antennae (touch and smell). • Cephalization (nervous system consists of ganglia and nerve chords) • Open circulatory system

46. Arthropoda • Most – sexual reproduction; some can be parthenogenic; internal fertilization; most lay eggs • Most life cycles include metamorphosis (changing from larval stage to adult stage) • Respiratory – water = gills, land = tracheas/book-lungs; some through body surface • Largest phylum (#’s) in the animal kingdom • Eucoelomates • Gut is complete

47. Arthropoda – Class Arachnida • Characteristics • i.e. spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites • Nearly all terrestrial; some marine spiders • Lack antennae • Have simple eyes (single lense) • Cephalization (ganglia and nerve chords) • Digestion – inject digestive juices into prey and stuck up liquefied tissues; external digestion

48. Arthropoda – Class Arachnida • Many have silk glands which are used to produce silk for webs, escape drop-lines, and coats for eggs • Two body parts cephalothorax & abdomen • Cephalothorax has six pairs of appendages: - fan-like chelicere – equipped with poison glands to attack prey - pedipalps – which function in feeding - four pairs for walking legs

49. Arthropoda – Class Arachnida • Respiration through trachea/book-lungs; through cuticle in smaller organisms • Mostly predators; some parasites • Exoskeleton; muscles • Open circulatory • Complete digestive tract • True coelom • Locomotion: walk, crawl, swim, by host • Sexual reproduction; separate sexes; internal fertilization; lay eggs • Spiders National Geographic

50. Arthropoda – Class Diplopoda • Characteristics • i.e. millipedes • Breath with trachea • Segmented body with two pairs of walking legs per segment (total between 11 & 375 pairs) • Terrestial – herbivors/detrivors • Distinct head with large antennae and chewing mouth parts – including mandibles • Protection – emit poisonous, foul smelling substance