Kingdom Animalia

1. Kingdom Animalia

2. General Characteristics • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • No cell walls • Move to find the following: • Food • Shelter • Protection • Mates

3. General Characteristics (continued) • Heterotrophs – eat other organisms for energy • Omnivore (plants & animals) • Carnivore (animals only) • Herbivore (plants only)

4. General Characteristics (continued) • Digest their food because food must be broken down to fit inside the cells for metabolizing

5. Classification – 9 major phyla • Porifera – animals have holes throughout their body (Ex: Sponges) • Cnidaria – animals with soft bodies and cnidocytes = stinging cells (Ex: jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral) • Platyhelminthes – flat worms (Ex: planarians, tapeworms) • Nematoda – round worms (Ex: heartworm, trichinella, pin worms) • Mollusca – mollusks (Ex: snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopus, squid) • Annelida – segmented worms (Ex: earthworm & leeches) • Arthropoda – insects, crustaceans, arachnids • Echinodermata – spiny skinned animals (Ex: Sea star) • Chordata – animals with a backbone = Vertebrates

6. Origin of Invertebrates • Between 610 – 570 MYA (millions of years ago): First eukaryotic, MULTICELLULAR organisms • Most likely flat, plate-shaped organisms with soft bodies that absorbed nutrients from their water environments (possibly lived in symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic algae) • Bilateral symmetry and possible segmentation • Very little cell specialization or body organization

7. The Cambrian Period • Explosion of Animals • Began 544 MYA • Evolution of shells, skeletons, and other hard outer coverings • More specialized cells, tissue and the beginnings of organ systems • Body symmetry, segmentation, some of type of skeleton, anterior & posterior ends and appendages for specific functions

8. Cladogram of Invertebrate Evolution Phylum Chordata: Chordates Phylum Echinodermata: Echinoderms Phylum Annelida: Annelids Phylum Arthropoda: Arthropods Phylum Mollusca: Mollusks Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms Phylum Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Phylum Cnidaria: Cnidarians RadialSymmetry Phylum Porifera: Sponges Pseudocoelom Deuterostome Development RadialSymmetry Coelom Protostome Development Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry Tissues Multicellularity Single-celled ancestor

9. Evolutionary Trends Specialized Cells, Tissues & Organs • PORIFERA & CNIDARIA: No tissues, organs nor organ systems – just specialized cells Germ Layers: Porifera (sponges) – 0 Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) – 2 • WORMS: First Appearance of Organs & Organ Systems Germ Layers: 3 Platyhelminthes (planarians & tapeworms) Nematoda (hookworm, heartworm, pinworm) Annelida (earthworm & leeches) Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus) Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, centipedes, shrimp, lobster) Echinodermata (sea star, sand dollar) Chordata (vertebrates) Body Symmetry • Asymmetry: Porifera • Radial: Cnidaria & Echinodermata • Bilateral: Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda & Chordata

10. Evolutionary Trends (continued) Cephalization • Concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the animal • Evolved with bilateral symmetry • Began with GANGLIA in WORMS • Eventually, the evolution of the BRAIN starting in MOLLUSKS and ARTHROPODS Coelom (BODY CAVITY) Formation • Evolved with the development of 3 germ layers • ACOELOMATES: no body cavity • PORIFERA • CNIDARIA • PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms) • PSEUDOCOELOMATES: partial body cavity • NEMATODA (roundworms) • COELOMATES: true body cavity • ANNELIDA • MOLLUSCA • ARTHROPODA • ECHINODERMATA • CHORDATA Embryology • Protostomes (mouth before anus): SPONGES to ARTHROPODS • Deuterostomes (anus before mouth): ECHINODERMS & CHORDATES

11. Body Plans • Asymmetry = no definite shape (sponge) • Radial Symmetry = circle body plan with a central point (sea star, jellyfish, sand dollar, hydra) • Bilateral Symmetry = 2 sides of the body are arranged in the same way; the 2 sides of the body are almost mirror images of each other (most animals have this type of symmetry)

12. Body Directions • Dorsal side = backside of animal (darker) • Ventral side = belly-side of animal • Lateral = left and right side of the animal; away from the midline • Medial- Toward the midline • Anterior end = head end (cephalization – concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end of the animal which results in the formation of a true brain) • Posterior end = tail end

13. Early Development of Animals • Fertilized egg = Zygote • Zygote  Embryo • Embryo continues to divide to become a BLASTULA (hollow ball of cells) • The Blastula folds creating an opening called a BLASTOPORE = called GASTRULATION • Blastopore leads to a tube which will become the following: • Protostomes: mouth- ex. earthworm • Deuterostomes: anus- ex. echinoderms

14. Blastulation & Gastrulation

15. Germ Layers • Endoderm (innermost germ layer): gives rise to the lining of the digestive & respiratory tract • Mesoderm (middle germ layer): gives rise to muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory systems • Ectoderm (outermost germ layer): gives rise to sensory organs, nerves, integumentary system (skin, hair, nails, etc.)

16. Germ Layers

17. Porifera • Hollow tube body plan: ACOELOMATE – no coelom • Contains pores (holes) throughout body • No tissue, organs and organ systems • Live in water • Asymmetry • As adults sponges are SESSILE – attach to one place & do not move for the rest of its life • Filter feeders • Reproduce asexually and sexually – HERMAPHRODITES (have both male & female reproductive organs) – external fertilization • Water goes into pores and out the OSCULUM • Ectoderm (outside) can be made of soft, flexible material called spongin or hard, spiky material called spicules

18. Porifera Chart • No Germ Layers • No cephalization • Acoelomate • Circulatory: Diffusion • Digestive: Filter Feeders • Nervous System: None; Produces Toxins • Excretory System- Diffusion • Reproductive: Sexually/Internal Fertilization or Asexually via budding and gemmules • Respiratory System: Diffusion • Movement: Sessile as Adults

19. Cnidaria • Soft bodies • Tentacles with cnidocytes = stinging cells • Inside each cnidocyte is a nematocyst = coiled barbed stinger with poison • Cnidocytes are triggered by touch • Used to paralyze & capture prey • Radial symmetry • Contain tissue • Acoelomates • Digestive cavity that breaks down food using enzymes • Mouth • No circulatory/respiratory systems • Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve Ring • 2 Body types – Medusa (moves) & Polyp (sessile) • Sexually reproduce – hermaphrodites – external fertilization

20. Classes of Cnidaria • Class Hydrozoa – hydra, man of war • Class Scyphozoa – jellyfish • Class Anthozoa – sea anemone & coral

21. Cnidocyte Being Triggered

22. Cnidarians Chart • Germ layers: 2 • Symmetry: Radial • No Cephalization • Acoelomate • Circulatory: Diffusion • Digestive/ Feeding: 1 opening with gastrovascular cavity • Nervous: specialized cells- simple system called nerve net • Excretory: Diffusion • Reproductive: sexually/ separate sexes/external fertilization- asexually via budding • Respiratory: Diffusion • Movement: Medusa (moves with current) or Polyp (sessile)

23. Worms • Invertebrates with soft bodies • Bilateral symmetry • Tissue, organs, organ systems • 3 types: • Flat • Round • Segmented

24. Platyhelminthes • Platy = flat, helminthe = worm • Free-living = planarian • Parasites = tapeworm • Has the first primitive excretory system called FLAME BULB CELLS = removal of ammonia (urea = higher forms of animals) • No circulatory/respiratory system – get oxygen & nutrients thru osmosis & diffusion • Digestive system = intestines for digesting food • Have one opening that serves as both mouth and anus • Sexually reproduction – hermaphrodites – internal fertilization • Can regenerate

25. Examples of FlatwormsTapeworms

26. Platyhelminthes Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Bilateral • Cephalization Present • Acoelomate • Circulatory: Diffusion- No internal transport system • Digestive/ Feeding: 1 opening with digestive cavity and pharynx • Nervous: ganglia groups of nerve cells and eyespots • Excretory: Flame cells that remove excess water and metabolize waste (ammonia) • Reproductive: sexually/hermaphrodites –asexually via fission • Respiratory: Diffusion • Movement:Turbellians use cilia to move while parasitic worms rely on the host's circulation

27. Nematoda • Round worms • Largest phylum of worms (in number) • Some free-living, some parasitic • Live in soil, fresh & salt water, animals • Has a tube within a tube body plan • Has a complete digestive tract with a separate mouth and anus (pseudocoelom) • No circulatory/respiratory system • Sexual reproduction – internal fertilization

28. Examples • Hookworm • Ascaris (pinworm-live in the intestine of its hosts) • Trichinella (found in the muscles of pigs) • Filarial Worms (live in blood & lymph vessels of birds and mammals) • Heartworm

29. PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS

30. Nematoda Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Bilateral • Cephalization Present • Pseudocoelomate • Circulatory: Diffusion- No internal transport system • Digestive/ Feeding: 2 openings- complete • Nervous: simple nervous system and several ganglia • Excretory: diffusion • Reproductive: sexually/individual sexes/internal fertilization • Respiratory: Diffusion • Movement:undulatory; nematodes are poor swimmers and usually require contact with a substrate to move.

31. Mollusca • Soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have shells (valves) • Live on land, fresh & salt water • Bilateral symmetry • Has a true coelom = cavity where all the organs are held • Common body parts: • Mantle = thin tissue that covers soft body • Mantle cavity = where the gills are located • Visceral mass = coelom (gut) where all the organs are held • Foot = strong muscle used for movement • 1st group of animals to have a circulatory & respiratory system (heart & gills) • 2 types of circulatory systems: CLOSED (vessels) & OPEN (no vessels)

32. Classes of Mollusks • Univalves or Gastropods (snails, slugs) • Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops = adductor muscles of clams) • Cephalopods (octopus, squid) – complex nervous system – centralized with a true brain, closed circulatory system, stream-lined to move quickly, very smart

33. Mollusca Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Bilateral • Cephalization Present • True Coelom • Circulatory: Slow Moving- Open and Fast Moving- Closed • Digestive/ Feeding: herbivores, omnivores, filter-feeders, detritivores, parasites/ radulatongue with teeth • Nervous: bivalves: simple nervous system (eyespots) and octopiwell developed brains and intelligent • Excretory:nephridia remove ammonia • Reproductive: sexually/internal or external fertilization • Respiratory: Gills (aquatic) and Mantle cavity (terrestrial) • Movement: muscular foot that it uses for movement or propulsion by pressing water from their pallial cavity, squids move backwards through the water like a rocket

34. Complex Invertebrates Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda & Phylum Echinodermata

35. Annelida • Segmented worms • Bilateral symmetry • Tube shaped bodies • Has a true coelom • Ex: earthworms & leeches • Complete digestive system • No respiratory system (oxygen diffuses thru skin) • Nervous system – pair of ganglia and a ventral nerve cord • Circulatory system – 5 aortic arches that serve as the heart and a dorsal & ventral blood vessel (closed) • Excretory system • Sexually reproduces – hermaphrodites – external fertilization

36. Annelida Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Bilateral • Cephalization Present • True Coelom • Circulatory: Closed/Dorsal and Ventral Blood Vessel • Digestive/ Feeding: 2 openings- complete order: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine and anus • Nervous: well developed, brain and several nerve cords, 2 or more sets of eyes, sensory tentacles, statocysts • Excretory: nephridia • Reproductive: sexually/individual sexes/external fertilization/ clitellum • Respiratory: Gills (aquatic) and Diffusion across skin (terrestrial) • Movement:various muscle groups and simple appendages. They use setae and parapodia for movement

37. Arthropods • Arthro = joint; Pod = foot • All appendages are jointed • Largest phylum in the animal kingdom • Usually has 3 body sections: • Head • Thorax • Abdomen

38. Arthropoda Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Bilateral • Cephalization Present • True Coelom • Circulatory: Open System • Digestive/ Feeding: herbivore, carnivore and omnivore/mouthparts vary • Nervous: well developed, brain and sense organs: eyes, taste receptors • Excretory: Malpighian Tubules/ Diffusion in aquatic arthropods • Reproductive: sexually/individual sexes/internal (terrestrial) and internal or external (aquatic) • Respiratory: Tracheal Tubes- Grasshoppers and Book Lungs- Spiders • Movement: Jointed Appendages

39. Major Characteristics (continued) • Has an exoskeleton made of chitin which is shed when the arthropod grows – process is called MOLTING • Has a coelom – gut that holds all the organs • Have ALL the body systems • 5 classes • Arachnids • Centipedes • Millipedes • Crustaceans • Insects

40. Class Insecta • Able to fly • Have antennae • Compound eyes (multiple lenses) • Open circulatory system • Blood does not carry oxygen = blood is clear • Respiratory system = spiracles & book lungs • Goes through Metamorphosis = change in the body from the young to adult; triggered by hormones

41. Metamorphosis • Complete = 4 stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult • Incomplete = 3 stages: Egg, Nymph, Adult • Why go through this life cycle?! • Adults and young have different homes, food sources and predators, therefore, they will not compete increasing their chance of survival

42. Echinoderms • Echino = spiny; derm = skin • Embryos develop like the embryo of vertebrates = DEUTEROSTOMES • Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of calcium plates • Water vascular system with tube feet that carry out its body functions

43. Echinodermata Chart • Germ layers: 3 • Symmetry: Radial • No Cephalization • Deuterostome- Only Invertebrate • Circulatory: Water Vascular System • Digestive/ Feeding: carnivores tube feet • Nervous: no head/not well-developed/ nerve rings and radial nerves • Excretory: Feces released through anus and ammonia through tube feet or skin gills • Reproductive: sexually/individual sexes/external • Respiratory: Tube feet/ water vascular system and skin gills • Movement: The water vascular system of echinoderms is responsible for their movement and ability to clean to surfaces for long periods of time