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The Social and Ecological Impacts of Tourism

The Social and Ecological Impacts of Tourism. Fennell: Chapter 3. Social Impacts of Tourism. Euphoria- tourists (travelers) are welcomed, little control or planning

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The Social and Ecological Impacts of Tourism

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  1. The Social and Ecological Impacts of Tourism Fennell: Chapter 3

  2. Social Impacts of Tourism • Euphoria- tourists (travelers) are welcomed, little control or planning • Apathy- tourists are taken for granted, with the relationships between the groups becoming more formal and commercialized. Planning is concerned mostly with the marketing of the tourist product

  3. Social Impacts cont…. • Annoyance- As saturation in the industry is experienced, local people have misgivings about tourism. Planners increase infrastructure rather than limit growth • Antagonism- Irritations are openly displayed towards tourists and tourism. Planning is remedial, yet promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the destination

  4. Commercialization and Culture • The process of commercialization and commodification may ultimately erode local goodwill and authenticity of products

  5. The number of tourists The type of tourists Tourism Development Stage Economic Disparity Cultural norms Physical Size of Area – tourism density Tourists purchasing properties Local people retaining ownership of properties and tourist facilities Government body attitudes The strength of the beliefs of host communities The degree of exposure to other forces of technological, social, and economic change The policies adopted with respect to tourist dispersal The marketing and images created of the tourist destination The homogeneity of the host society The original strength of artistic and folklore practices and the nature of those traditions Determinants of Social Impact on Destinations

  6. History of Ecological Impacts • 1960’s and 70’s- industry realizes the capability of transforming or altering destination regions • Tourism played important role in developing areas • Impacts of tourism started to threatened the quality of life of citizens • 1980’s recognized that the resource base acted as the raw material of tourism

  7. Carrying Capacity • Danger in accommodating increasing number and diversity for a growing consumer based society • Public and Private land use development must first think of the resilience of the natural resource

  8. Stress Activities Stress Primary Environmental Response Secondary Response (reaction human) Changes in habitat Changes in population of biological species Changes in health and welfare of human population Changes in visual quality Permanent environmental restructuring • Restructuring of local environments • Individual- impact on aesthetic values • Collective measures • Expenditures on environmental improvements • Expenditure on management of conservation • Designation of wildlife conservation and national parks • Controls on access to recreational lands • Urban expansion • Transport network • Tourist Facilities • Marinas, ski-lifts, sea walls • Changes in land use:an expansion of recreational lands • Expansion of built environment • Lands taken out of primary production Table 4.1, pp 108-109

  9. Carrying Capacity Defined • 4 interrelated elements • The Amount of Use of a Given Kind • What a Particular Environment Can Endure • Over time, • Without Degradation of its suitability for that use

  10. Environmental Impact • Type, amount, and rate of impact on the resource base through recreation use • e.g. Campsite • Soil • Vegetation • Wildlife • Water

  11. Goals of Recreation Management • Maximize user satisfaction • Need to document user level satisfaction: to identify necessary development standards and necessary management practices for a resource

  12. Research Findings • Research Hypotheses: • As use levels increase, crowding increases • As use levels and crowding increases, satisfaction levels decrease

  13. Relationship between Satisfaction and Crowding • Self Selection • Product Shift • Displacement • Multiple Sources of Satisfaction • Rationalizing • Activity Specific Influences • Conceptualization and Measurement of satisfaction may be inadequate

  14. Recreation Management • Relationship of user satisfaction and appropriate intensity of management difficult to attain • Complication of carrying capacity with management objectives, and effects on environmental quality, the effects on a user’s, and host’s desires and expectations • Finding appropriate Management level is a complex task

  15. Site Management Techniques • Focus on improving the environment’s ecological capacity to accommodate use • Involves Surface treatments • Channel circulation • Capital Improvement

  16. Overt Management Approaches • 1 Special and / or Temporal zoning of use (decreasing conflict between x-c skiing and snowmobile) • 2- Restrictions of use intensity (decreasing the number of users in the area through the closing of trails, use of permits, etc. • 3- Restrictions on activities/enforcement of user regulations

  17. Information and Education Programs • Informing users about the recreational resource and current levels of use • Making the users more sensitive to the potential impacts that their behavior might have on the area • Giving the manager and the users a chance to exchange information concerning user needs and management activities.

  18. Rejuvenation N U M B E R O F T O U R S A The Tourist Area Life Cycle B Stagnation Critical Range of Element’s Capacity Consolidation C D Decline E Development Involvement TIME Exploration

  19. The Tourist Life Cycle • Increases in visitation to an area can be followed by a decrease in visitation as the area carrying capacity has been reached • Has implications in delineating carrying capacity limits and the social and environmental complications of “over usage” in tourism destinations

  20. A Sustainable Ecotourism Cycle Evolution Responding to Social and Ecological Concerns Critical Range of Elements of Capacity (Decline) (Stagnation) Number of Tourists Consolidation Development Involvement Exploration Resisting a Completely Economic Focus TIME

  21. Sustainable Ecotourism Implementation: • Development of preformed planning and management frameworks designed with the purpose of matching visitor preferences with specific settings in parks and protected areas.

  22. Assessment of Ecological Impacts • EIA sometimes fail • EIA’s become a process that tries to encompass the needs of people in vulnerable settings • “Positive Affect” • refers to some people’s need to exert some sort of influence (even very small) in shaping the quality of recreational experiences • Positive leisure experiences are contingent upon the satisfaction that people get in being asked to comment of various aspects of offering a program in which they have been or will be participating

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